勃列日涅夫时期苏联政治信任研究

发布时间：2018-07-10 07:32

本文选题：政治信任 + 勃列日涅夫时期　；参考：《华东师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：政治信任通常是指公民对政治系统的将运作产生出与他们的期待相一致的结果的信念或信心。它大致可以划分为三个层次,在最高层次上,它是指公民对政治共同体的态度。在第二个层次上,它指的是公民对待政治制度以及国家机构的态度。在第三个层次上,它指的是公民对待作为个体的政府官员的态度。在这个意义上,公民政治信任的状况如何,即反映了公民对国家、政治制度、政府以及政府官员的态度,国家和政府的力量在于政治信任。勃列日涅夫执政前期的苏联社会,最大的特点就是稳定,表现在多个方面,如停止赫鲁晓夫的管理体制改革,恢复、中央—州—区”的垂直管理体制；工业农业的稳定；干部队伍的稳定；民族政策的稳定等。但是这种稳定的实质却是苏联社会各方面发展上的由盛而衰,勃列日涅夫执政中后期的经济停滞、政治体制的日趋僵化、思想文化的停滞都显示出了苏联的日渐衰败。一个社会的政治信任度可以从功能替代品、行为指标和言辞指标三种指标体系予以诊断。借助于这三种指标对勃列日涅夫时期苏联社会的政治信任状况进行考察,可以发现苏联社会的民众越来越多的相信宿命论、现世主义；民众对社会秩序和公共安全过度警觉起来；腐败之风日益严重；政治信任渐趋外部化；移民越来越严重；以及民众对改革、公共机构和干部的态度日渐不满。这些指标都显示出苏联社会是一个政治信任缺失的病态社会。造成这一时期政治信任缺失的原因主要包括,终极型的意识形态、集权制度下制度信任的破裂、工字型的社会结构以及蜂窝状的人际关系结构等。这些因素把苏联民众局限于一个狭小而封闭的空间内,阻隔了人与人之间的沟通。虽然勃列日涅夫时期的苏联以稳定著称,但是稳定的背后却是苏联社会的由盛而衰。由于苏联社会政治信任的缺失,这种稳定只能称得上一种假稳定。什托姆普卡建立了一个信任的社会生成模型,从信任生成的社会环境、社会情绪和集体资本三个方面阐述了如何建立一个信任的社会。这为我们研究政治信任的生成提供了一个可以参考的视角。而勃列日涅夫时期的苏联在这三个方面却是不具备的,整个苏联社会缺乏政治信任生成的源泉,也就不可能形成与政治信任有关的政治文化循环系统。没有真正的政治信任是苏联社会最终崩溃的重要原因之一,这启示我们要特别注重政治信任的生成,建立一个信任的社会。
[Abstract]:Political trust usually refers to citizens' belief or confidence that the political system will work in line with their expectations. It can be roughly divided into three levels, at the highest level, it refers to the attitude of citizens to the political community. At the second level, it refers to the attitude of citizens towards the political system and the institutions of the State. At the third level, it refers to the attitude of citizens towards government officials as individuals. In this sense, the state of civil political trust reflects the attitude of citizens to the state, political system, government and government officials, and the strength of the state and government lies in political trust. Brezhnev's former Soviet society was characterized by stability in many aspects, such as the cessation of Khrushchev's reform of the management system, the restoration of the vertical management system of the Central Government and the region, the stability of industrial and agricultural development, and the stability of industrial and agricultural development. The stability of the ranks of cadres; the stability of national policies, etc. But the essence of this stability is the prosperity and decline of all aspects of the Soviet society, Brezhnev's economic stagnation in the middle and late period of his administration, the increasingly rigid political system, the ideological and cultural stagnation of the Soviet Union has shown the gradual decline. The political trust of a society can be diagnosed by three index systems: functional substitute, behavioral index and verbal index. With the help of these three indicators to investigate the political trust of Soviet society in Brezhnev period, we can find that more and more people in Soviet society believe in fatalism and earthly doctrine. The public is over-alert to social order and public safety; corruption is growing; political trust is becoming more and more external; immigration is growing; and public attitudes towards reform and public institutions and cadres are growing. These indicators show that Soviet society is a sick society with a lack of political trust. The main reasons for the lack of political trust in this period include the ultimate ideology, the breakdown of institutional trust under the centralization system, the I-shaped social structure and the honeycomb interpersonal relationship structure. These factors confined the Soviet people to a narrow and closed space, blocking interpersonal communication. Although the Soviet Union in Brezhnev was famous for its stability, it was the rise and decline of Soviet society behind it. Due to the lack of social and political trust in the Soviet Union, this stability can only be called a false stability. Schtompka establishes a social generation model of trust, which expounds how to build a trust society from three aspects: the social environment of trust generation, social emotion and collective capital. This provides a reference perspective for us to study the generation of political trust. The Soviet Union in Brezhnev's time did not have these three aspects, and the whole Soviet society lacked the source of political trust, so it was impossible to form a political and cultural circulatory system related to political trust. The absence of real political trust is one of the important reasons for the eventual collapse of Soviet society, which enlightens us to pay special attention to the generation of political trust and to build a trust society.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D751.2

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