毛泽东宣传谋略研究

发布时间：2018-02-04 14:06

本文关键词： 毛泽东政治家新闻宣传谋略宣传谋略　出处：《华中科技大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：对中国新闻史而言,毛泽东是一位具有里程碑意义的人物。在长期的实践中,他发展出了一套完善的宣传思想体系,不仅对他的时代产生了重大影响,而且这一影响一直延续至今。本文一改以往从一般新闻传播理论研究毛泽东新闻、宣传思想的传统,还原了毛泽东的政治家身份,从谋略的视角入手,就不同时期毛泽东运用诸多宣传符号和宣传技巧对特定的政治、军事环境进行“趋利避害”,最终实现特定政治目标等问题对毛泽东的宣传谋略进行了历史梳理,并对其精要内容及来源进行了分析。文章首先结合毛泽东的从政历程分期,对其宣传谋略萌芽、形成、发展的历史脉络进行了梳理,呈现了一个动态的演进过程。 1927年8月以前,为毛泽东宣传谋略的萌芽期,主要是一些谋略“意识”的凸显,主要表现在：首先,他意识到宣传的主要功能是“改造”人的思想,并就此进行了实践,取得了一定的效果,这为以后的诸多实践赢得了自信；其次,他意识到宣传是“制造舆论”的重要工具,而有效的“制造舆论”的前提是掌握一定的话语权,这一意识的萌发为下一阶段他对外制造舆论以引起民众同情,对内掌握话语权以确立领袖地位奠定了基础；第三,他意识到当一种宣传方式受到限制时,应考虑其他方式加以补充,从而提高宣传效率,尽管他所开发的其他宣传方式有限,然而为以后依据特定情况,生发出丰富多样的宣传方式奠定了基础；第四,他意识到宣传工作应为特定的政党提供服务,且应接受政党的统一管理,尽管这一意识并不清晰,但却为下一阶段的“宣传应坚持党性原则”奠定了基础；第五,他意识到宣传工作应根据不同对象“有的放矢”,为下一阶段灵活处理各种“宣传对象”与“宣传方式”的关系打下了坚实的基础。这种萌发了的宣传谋略对毛泽东获得政治知名度产生了积极的影响。 1927年8月到1949年9月,为毛泽东宣传谋略的形成期,此时他的宣传谋略已发展成了完善的有机体,主要表现在：首先,他的宣传谋略是为实现特定政治、军事目标,对特定政治、军事环境进行“趋利避害”的结果；第二,他能够根据政治、军事局势及主要宣传对象的变化,从“宣传内容”、“宣传方法”、“宣传载体”及“宣传者”等诸多方面入手及时调整宣传谋略,从而实现最佳的宣传效果；第三,他借鉴政治谋略和军事谋略,发展和创造出了诸多行之有效的宣传技巧,成为宣传谋略的重要组成,并成为其宣传谋略得以顺利实施的重要保障。这一成熟了的宣传谋略对其党内军内领袖地位的确立与中共合法地位的获得产生了积极的影响； 1949年10月到1976年9月,是毛泽东宣传谋略的发展期,其宣传谋略的发展主要表现在：首先,他的宣传谋略是出于对潜在政治危机的疑虑而采取的“防御性”行动,除了需要随时把握变动的局势以便“趋利避害”之外,还需利用宣传工作“‘创’利避害”,也即宣传应在解决危机和挖掘潜在危机两个方面,时刻发挥积极作用；其次,他对“宣传者”进行了进一步“管理”,不但要求他们站在政治家的高度,总揽全局,随时“变”,且“变得快”,而且还通过首肯并鼓励对宣传机构的夺权,替换了专业宣传者,直接掌握了宣传机构；第三,维护和巩固他个人在军内、党内、国内的最高领袖及绝对权威成为其制定并实施宣传谋略的核心动机；最后,宣传谋略变得更加隐蔽和神秘,甚至走向极端。这种极端化了的宣传谋略对当时和当下的中国社会、新闻界乃至中国大众都产生了深远的影响。接着,文章在脉络梳理的基础上,对毛泽东宣传谋略的精要和来源进行了横向剖析。认为,毛泽东宣传谋略的精要主要表现在四个方面,即以随势而变为根本原则,以解决和制造冲突为基本任务,以争权立威为终极目标,以处理好“说与做”、“实与虚”、“快与慢”三组关系为核心技巧。还认为,毛泽东宣传谋略的来源非常丰富,主要包括四个方面,即“虎气”、“猴气”与“蛇气”并存的独特性格,青年时代的专业新闻教育经历,政治谋略与军事计谋,马克思、恩格斯的宣传理论及列宁的宣传策略。最后,对毛泽东宣传谋略进行了评价。认为,毛泽东宣传谋略一方面是特殊时代的特殊产物,发挥了特殊的作用,另一方面又不乏出于个人政治目的而生成的消极要素,这是当下的我们应该努力摒弃的。
[Abstract]:The China news history, Mao Zedong is a milepost significance of the characters. In the long-term practice, he developed a set of perfect propaganda system, not only had a significant influence on his age, and this influence continues today. In this paper, a change in the past from the general theory of journalism research Mao Zedong news. The propaganda and ideological tradition, reducing Mao Zedong's political identity, starting from the strategic perspective, different periods of Mao Zedong use a lot of publicity symbols and propaganda techniques of particular political, "advantages" military environment, ultimately to achieve specific political goals on issues such as Mao Zedong's propaganda strategy were reviewed, and its essence and the source is analyzed.
First, combined with Mao Zedong's stages of his political career, he combed his propaganda strategy and the historical context of its formation and development, presenting a dynamic evolution process.
Before August 1927, Mao Zedong propaganda strategy of infancy, mainly highlighting the strategy of "consciousness", mainly displays in: first, he realized that the main function of publicity is the "transformation" of human thought, and in practice, has obtained the certain effect, this is after many practice to win confidence; secondly, he realized that publicity is an important tool of public opinion, and effective "public opinion" premise is to have a certain right to speak, the germination of this consciousness for the next stage of his foreign public opinion is to arouse people to grasp the right words of sympathy, to establish a leading position laid the foundation; third. He realized that as a way of publicity is limited, should consider other ways to be added, so as to improve the efficiency of publicity, although other forms of propaganda he developed, however for the future according to specific circumstances, hair Laid the foundation for various publicity; fourth, he realized the propaganda work should provide services for specific parties, unified management and should accept the party, although this consciousness is not clear, but the "propaganda should adhere to the principle of party spirit" laid the foundation for the next stage; fifth, he realized the propaganda work should be based on different object "targeted", dealing with the relationship between the various "flexible propaganda objects" and "propaganda" for the next stage and lay a solid foundation. The germination of the propaganda strategies of Mao Zedong political awareness had a positive impact.
From August 1927 to September 1949, for the formation of Mao Zedong propaganda strategy, his propaganda strategy has developed into a perfect organism, mainly displays in: first, his propaganda strategy is to achieve specific political and military objectives, in particular political, "avoid" the military environment; second, he can change according to the political, military the situation and main propaganda object, from "propaganda", "propaganda method", "media" and "propaganda" and many other aspects of the timely adjustment of publicity strategy, in order to achieve the best publicity; third, he learned from the political and military strategies and development has created many effective propaganda techniques. As an important component of the propaganda strategy, and become an important guarantee for the smooth implementation of the strategy of publicity. The publicity strategy of the medium rare party in the military leadership The establishment of the Chinese Communist Party has a positive impact on the acquisition of the legal status of the Communist Party of China.
From October 1949 to September 1976, is the development of Mao Zedong's propaganda strategy, the promotion strategy of development mainly displays in: first, his propaganda strategy is out of the potential political crisis worries and take defensive action, but need to grasp the changes in situation to the "advantage", also need to use a "propaganda" "the benefit and avoid the harm, namely propaganda should be excavated in two aspects in solving the crisis and potential crisis, always play a positive role; secondly, he" propaganda "to" management ", not only requires them to stand in the height of the politicians, the overall situation, to" change ", and" be quick, "but also through the power of approval and encourage propaganda, replace professional propaganda, directly control the propaganda; third, to maintain and consolidate his personal army, the party, the supreme leader and the vast domestic To become the authority formulate and implement publicity strategy of the core motivation; finally, the propaganda strategy has become more subtle and mysterious, even to the extreme. This extreme the publicity strategy of that time and the social Chinese, press and Chinese public have had a profound impact.
Then, based on combing the analysis of the transverse, and the origin of Mao Zedong's propaganda strategy. Mao Zedong believes that the essence of the propaganda strategy is mainly manifested in four aspects, namely, with potential change as a fundamental principle to solve the conflict and manufacturing as the basic task, as for Li Wei as the ultimate goal. In order to handle the "said and done", "real and imaginary", "fast and slow" three relations as the core skills. Mao Zedong also believes that the source of propaganda strategy is very rich, mainly includes four aspects, namely the "tiger", "unique character monkey" and "snake" coexist, youth in the era of education news experience, political strategy and military strategy, Marx, and Lenin Engels's theory of propaganda propaganda strategy.
Finally, the Mao Zedong propaganda strategy is evaluated. Mao Zedong believes that publicity strategy is a special product of the special era, play a special role, on the other hand, but also for personal political purposes and the formation of negative elements, this is the moment that we should abandon the effort.

【学位授予单位】：华中科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：A841

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