从马克思社会发展观到科学发展观—社会主义发展理念的演变轨迹

发布时间：2018-02-26 04:21

本文关键词： 马克思社会发展观科学发展观历史环境社会主义发展理念　出处：《南开大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：“什么是社会主义社会发展、怎样实现社会主义社会发展”是贯穿在从马克思社会发展观到科学发展观的鲜明主题。共产主义是马克思解决社会发展问题的途径与目标。马克思通过对资本主义社会发展问题的批判，在吸收近代西方社会发展观合理因素的基础上，提出了科学社会主义社会发展观，不仅正确揭示了人类社会发展规律，为社会发展观奠定了科学理论基础，，而且提出了社会主义社会发展的具体构想。马克思社会发展观的主要内容包括社会整体发展论、社会发展综合动力论、社会发展辩证决定论和社会发展价值论。从而系统回答了“什么是社会发展、什么促使社会发展、怎样实现社会发展、社会发展为了谁”等问题。理论与实际相统一是马克思社会发展观的基本原则，这一原则决定马克思没有用固定模式规范社会主义社会发展的具体道路和途径。理论与实际相统一的原则具体体现在马克思“历史环境”思想中。马克思“历史环境”思想说明社会主义如何发展要根据具体的历史环境。但是，在现实社会主义实践中人们对究竟什么是社会主义社会发展、怎样实现社会主义社会发展的认识经历了一个曲折的过程。本文认为马克思社会发展观与社会主义实践的结合经历了由科学到空想再到科学的两个大的否定之否定阶段。第一个否定之否定阶段就是列宁对马克思社会发展观的实践初探。这一否定之否定阶段是由俄国十月革命的胜利到战时共产主义政策再到新经济政策和列宁晚年三个阶段两次否定构成的。列宁领导俄国十月革命的胜利标志着世界历史方向的改变，从而使马克思社会发展观由理论形态转变为现实形态。但是，战时共产主义政策的实施却超越了经济文化比较落后的实际，使马克思的共产主义理想陷入空想，通过对战时共产主义经验教训的反思，列宁实行了新经济政策，重新找到了马克思社会发展观与经济文化比较落后基础上建立的社会主义国家社会发展相结合的正确途径。列宁晚年在新经济政策的基础上全面地思考了在经济文化比较落后基础上究竟应该如何实现社会主义社会发展的具体途径，这不仅是对战时共产主义时期发展观念的彻底扬弃，也是对列宁在经济文化比较落后基础上建立无产阶级政权的观念升华；第二个大的否定之否定阶段是由新经济政策和列宁晚年、苏联模式社会主义和中国特色社会主义三个阶段两次否定构成。苏联模式社会主义并没有按照列宁的思路将马克思社会发展观与社会主义实际相结合，相反，在苏联模式社会主义实践中马克思的共产主义理想陷入了空想。毛泽东虽然试图走有中国特色社会主义发展道路，但最终还是没有走出苏联模式的发展范式。中国特色社会主义实践彻底走出了苏联模式的发展误区，其具体路径就是在坚持马克思社会整体进步的发展要求、依靠人民群众实现人的自由而全面发展的发展实质和理论与实际相结合的基本原则这“一脉”的基础上，根据具体的历史环境面临的发展问题，实现有重点的从经济、政治到文化分布发展，通过邓小平时期以生产力为基础的社会发展观到以江泽民为核心的党的第三代领导集体以制度创新为核心的社会发展观再到以人为本的科学发展观，实现了马克思社会发展观的与时俱进。科学发展观作为中国特色社会主义社会发展理论的集中体现具有丰富的理论意义，主要体现在科学发展观实现了马克思社会发展观具有历史意义的飞越：其一、科学发展观昭示着马克思社会发展观的核心价值；其二、科学发展观体现了马克思社会整体发展的最优化原则。同时，科学发展观也具有极其重要的当代价值。实践证明，当代西方社会发展理论无法解决当代世界的发展难题，科学发展观超越了当代西方社会发展理论，进一步展示了马克思社会发展观的当代价值。本文最后得出的结论就是：要从社会主义社会发展、相对落后国家社会主义社会发展、中国作为在相对落后基础上建立的社会主义社会发展审视马克思社会发展观与实践结合的内在规律。
[Abstract]:"What is socialism, how to realize the development of the socialist society" is through the view to the distinct theme from Marx Scientific Outlook on Development's social development. Communism is the way to solve the problem of social development and the goal of Marx. Marx criticized the development of capitalist society, based on reasonable absorption factors of modern western social development view, put forward the scientific socialism view of social development, not only reveals the law of development of human society, has laid a theoretical foundation for the scientific view of social development, and puts forward some concrete ideas for the development of socialist society.
The main content of Marx's social development view including the overall social development theory, power theory of the social development, social development, dialectical determinism and social development value theory. So the system answer "what is what prompted the social development, social development, how to realize the social development, social development in order to who." theory and practice unification the basic principle of Marx's social development view, this principle decided Marx does not use the fixed pattern specification of the development of socialist society and specific road way. Theory and practice of the principle of unity is embodied in Marx's "historical environment" thoughts. Marx's "historical environment" thought that how to develop socialism according to the specific historical environment. However, in the socialist practice of what is socialist society development, how to realize the development of the socialist society Understanding experienced a tortuous process. This paper argues that Marx's view of social development combined with the experience of socialist practice from science to Utopian to negative stage two large negative view of science. The practice of development of Marx society first negative negative stage is Lenin. This is the negation of the negative stage by the victory of the Russian October revolution to the policy of wartime communism to new economic policy and Lenin's three stages of the two negative forms. Lenin led the October revolution of Russia's victory marked the direction of world history changes, so that Marx's view of social development change from theoretical form into reality form. However, the implementation of the policy of wartime communism but beyond the actual economic and cultural backwardness, Marx's communist ideal Utopian, based on the experience of anti war communism Scarlett, Lenin implemented a new economic policy, Marx found a new view of social development and backward economic and cultural right way based on the combination of the social development of socialist countries. Based on Lenin's new economic policy on the comprehensive thinking in the relatively backward economic culture specific ways based on how to realize the development of socialist society and this is not only completely abandon the concept of development in the wartime Communist period, but also to Lenin in the relatively backward economic culture based on the concept of sublimation of proletarian political power; negative stage second large negative by the new economic policy and Lenin in his later years, and the Soviet model of socialism China socialism three stages two negation the Soviet model of socialism. And not in accordance with the ideas of Lenin Marx social development and socialist. When combined, on the contrary, the Soviet model of socialism practice Marx's communist ideal into a dream. Although Mao Zedong tried to walk Chinese socialism and development paradigm but ultimately not out of the Soviet model. The practice of the socialist Chinese characteristics completely out of the misunderstandings of development of the Soviet Union, the specific path is in development to Marx of the overall social progress, the basic principles of the development of the essence of relying on the masses to achieve comprehensive development of human freedom and the combination of theory and practice of the "one", according to the development problems of the specific historical environment, realize the focus from the economic, political and cultural development to distribution, through the period of Deng Xiaoping on the basis of the social productivity development concept to the party's third generation of collective leadership with Jiang Zemin as the core of the system innovation as the core The concept of social development to the people based Scientific Outlook on Development has realized the progress of Marx's view of social development.
Scientific Outlook on Development as the embodiment of socialist society development theory China features rich in theory, mainly reflected in the Scientific Outlook on Development implementation of the Marx social development view over the historic significance: first, Scientific Outlook on Development shows the core value of Marx's social development view; second, Scientific Outlook on Development reflects the optimization principle of Marx development of the whole society. At the same time, Scientific Outlook on Development also of great importance and value to modern. Practice has proved that the contemporary western theories of social development can not solve the problem in the development of the contemporary world, Scientific Outlook on Development surpassed the contemporary western theories of social development, further shows the contemporary value of Marx's social development view. The conclusion is: from the development of the socialist society, relatively backward socialist countries in social development, Chinese as in the relatively backward foundation The development of socialist social development examines the inherent law of Marx's social development view and practice.

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D61;A811

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