从肯定到扬弃：马克思现代性批判思想的逻辑进程

发布时间：2018-03-12 15:24

本文选题：马克思　切入点：现代性批判　出处：《陕西师范大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：考察马克思思想与现代性的关系必须站在历史的角度。马克思现代性思想起源于启蒙精神,他的现代性思想与启蒙精神所倡导的“自由”、“理性”、“自我意识”之间的关系,理论界有很多说法。近年来,有学者从马克思思想与启蒙思想的联系出发,认为两者具有同一性,从而站在后现代主义的角度,对马克思思想进行现代性批判；也有学者从马克思思想与启蒙思想的区别出发,认为两者具有差异性,进而为马克思的后现代性辩护。对于这个问题,我们需要站在历史的角度,对马克思现代性思想的发展进行一个梳理,从而揭示马克思对现代性思想的认识具有一个从认同到批判再到超越的过程。本论文的创作意图,就是对马克思的现代性思想的发展进路和演变过程进行一个细致的梳理。任何事物和思想的发展演变,都是在特定的历史时期,特定的历史环境下进行的。因此,我们看问题想事情要学会站在历史的视角,在对所有的历史环境进行分析后,才能得出全面的较准确的定位和判断。考察马克思思想与现代性的关系也应如此。本论文的特色就是学会用历史的视角来分析问题认识问题。本论文共分为七章。导论部分介绍了学术界对于马克思思想与现代性关系的不同认识,以及现代性的内涵,现代性问题的源起,现代性问题的实质。主体部分共用五章内容,对马克思现代性思想的逻辑进路,进行了细致的梳理。共分为五个阶段。第一阶段,早年的马克思面对德国的落后现实,思想上深受青年黑格尔派的影响,对现代性立场持真诚认同的态度。第二阶段,面对现实物质的利益难事,马克思发现早期的启蒙现代性原则在现实物质利益面前失去意义,思想上产生了困惑,于是开始对理性的法和理性的国家展开批判性反思,这就埋下了与现代性分离的种子。并通过发表在“德法年鉴”的两篇论文实现了对现代性立场的彻底转向。又结合《1844年经济学哲学手稿》,展开了对现代性多学科多领域的全面批判,并形成了自己特有的历史唯物主义观念。第三阶段,从意识形态批判的角度揭示了现代性的虚伪本质。这主要是通过《神圣家族》中对黑格尔派思辨唯心主义的批判：《德意志意识形态》中与费尔巴哈历史唯心主义的清算；以及《哲学的贫困》中与普鲁东的决裂来实现的。在此基础上上,《共产党宣言》的发表是对之前现代性思想的一个总体性概括,它站在历史唯物主义视角下,从阶级斗争切入,向读者展示了现代社会的辉煌成绩,同时也指出了现代社会的历史困境和现代危机,充分展现了马恩对现代性批判的全部主题,标志着马克思对现代性的批判思想的成熟。第四阶段,面对新的历史事实,1848年欧洲革命的惨败,马克思开始对自己之前的现代性思想展开全面反思,尤其是对之前乐观激进的革命态度展开反思,他认识到无产阶级革命的爆发需要适时的物质基础。现代性批判应该回归到政治经济学专门领域的批判,需要认真分析现代资本运作原则。《资本论》的经济学分析,是马克思现代性批判的重要的基础性部分。第五阶段,晚期马克思对现代性的沉思。马克思晚年时候,仍然致力于对现代性的思考,《哥达纲领批判》可以看做反映其现代性批判思想的一个代表作。这一著作以论战的形式,总结概括了马克思一生的现代性思想。在梳理的过程中,我们就可以得出结语：马克思对现代性思想的认识,经历了从早期的肯定、认同到分裂,再到全面的批判和科学的超越的过程。
[Abstract]:Study on the relationship between Marx thought and modernity must stand in a historical perspective. Marx's thought of modernity originated in the spirit of the enlightenment, his thought of modernity and the enlightenment spirit advocated by the "freedom", "rational", "self consciousness" in between, there are many theoretical theory. In recent years, scholars from Marx thought and Enlightenment of the relationship, that the two are the same, which stood in the view of postmodernism, the modern critique of Marx thought; some scholars from the difference between Marx's thought and the enlightenment thought of, think they have differences, and Marx's Postmodern justification for this problem. And we need to stand in the angle of history, a comb of the development of Marx's thought of modernity, which reveals Marx's understanding of modern thought has a from identity to the criticism to ultra The more process.
This paper's creation intention, development approach and the evolution of modern thought of Marx was a meticulous combing. The evolution of things and ideas that are in a specific historical period, the specific historical circumstances. Therefore, we can think of things to learn from a historical perspective and the analysis of all the historical environment, in order to obtain comprehensive and accurate positioning and judgment. Relationship between Marx thought and modernity as well. The characteristics of this paper is to learn how to use historical perspective to analyze the problems of recognition problems.
This paper is divided into seven chapters. The introduction part introduces the academic circles of different understandings of the relationship between Marx thought and modernity, and the modern connotation, the origin of the problem of modernity, the essence of modern issues. The main part of five chapters, the logical approach to Marx's thought of modernity, carefully analyzes is divided into five stages. The first stage, the early Marx face the reality behind the German influence, thought by the young Hagel school, the true identity of the standpoint of modernity attitude. The second stage, facing the reality of material interests is difficult, Marx discovered the principle of the early enlightenment modernity is meaningless in the face of the reality of material interests, ideological confusion, began to expand the critical reflection on the rational method and rational state, which is buried under a separate and modern seed. And through published in Germany and France Two papers in "to achieve a complete modern position. And combined with the <1844 economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 >, launched a comprehensive critique of modern multidisciplinary field, and formed its own unique concept of historical materialism. The third stage, reveals the hypocritical nature of modernity from the perspective of ideology criticism this is mainly criticized. Speculative idealism of Hagel through the Holy Family: < > < liquidation and Feuerbach historical idealism in the German Ideology > and < >; the poverty of philosophy and Proudhon break to achieve. On this basis, the" Communist Manifesto "published a total of before the modern the thought of generalization, it stands in the perspective of historical materialism, from the perspective of class struggle, showing the brilliant achievements of modern society to the reader, but also pointed out that the modern social and historical dilemma The modern crisis, fully demonstrated the Isle of man all the themes of modern criticism, mark Marx's critique of modernity thoughts. In the fourth stage, facing the new historical facts, defeat in Europe in the 1848 revolution, Marx began the idea of modernity on their own before the comprehensive reflection, especially the reflection on optimism before radical the revolutionary attitude, he realized that the outbreak of the proletarian revolution need timely material basis. Modern criticism should return to the critique of political economics in specialized fields, the need for careful analysis of economic analysis of modern capital operation principle. Capital >, Marx's critique of modernity is an important and basic part. In the fifth stage, the late Marx on modernity thought. Marx in his later years, still committed to the thinking of modernity, "critique of the Gotha Program > can be seen as reflect the Modernity Criticism Thought In the form of controversy, this book summarizes Marx's thought of modernity in his life.
In the process of sorting out, we can conclude that Marx's understanding of modernity thought has gone through the affirmation from early stage to the split, then to the process of comprehensive criticism and scientific transcendence.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：A811

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