马克思著作中的“人”——基于马克思思想发展的概念史考察

发布时间：2018-03-27 19:10

本文选题：人类　切入点：个人　出处：《学术月刊》2015年10期

【摘要】："人"是马克思主义哲学研究中的一个焦点问题,然而,对于马克思著作中不同的"人"的术语辨析并不多见。基于"人本主义"和"以人为本"的讨论,并受"市民社会"和"物化"研究的直接影响,回到马克思的原初文本中去,可以发现,存在"人类""个人""人格"三个含义和用法都迥然不同的概念。"人类"的主要特征是"感性""对象性"的存在。这一主要得自费尔巴哈的概念,构成了马克思青年时期"主谓颠倒"黑格尔的出发点。在从"私有财产"批判推进政治经济学研究的过程中,马克思确定了新的理论出发点,即从包含着关系维度的现实的"个人"出发,在物质生产方式中说明人类社会的结构和历史规律。在此基础上,"人格"概念在政治经济学批判中获得了新的含义,资本主义"物化"现实中发生的"人格"关系颠倒呈现为"物象"关系。简言之,马克思对强调"感性"的"人类"、包含关系的"个人"、与"物象"直接对应的"人格"三个范畴的使用方式及其转变,既体现了马克思历史唯物主义的不同理论维度和指向,也反映了马克思在科学历史观的创立和深化过程中所进行的有意识的思考和选择。对于马克思著作中概念术语的考察,不仅应强调原文的勘对,更应注重思想史语境和理论"述行"方式的辨析。
[Abstract]:"Man" is a focal issue in the study of Marxist philosophy. However, it is rare to distinguish the terms of "human" in Marx's works. Based on the discussion of "humanism" and "people-oriented", Under the direct influence of the study of "civil society" and "materialization", it can be found that by going back to Marx's original text, The existence of "human", "individual" and "personality" has three very different meanings and usages. The main characteristic of "human" is the existence of "sensibility" and "objectiveness", which is mainly derived from the concept of Feuerbach. In the process of criticizing and promoting political economy research from the perspective of "private property", Marx determined a new theoretical starting point. That is, starting from the realistic "individual", which contains the relational dimension, explains the structure and historical law of human society in the material production mode. On this basis, the concept of "personality" has gained a new meaning in the critique of political economy. The relationship of personality in the reality of capitalistic materialization is reversed and presented as the relation of "physical image". In short, Marx's use and transformation of the three categories of "human", including "individual" and "personality", which emphasize "sensibility" and "physical image", reflect the different theoretical dimensions and directions of Marx's historical materialism. It also reflects Marx's conscious thinking and choice in the process of establishing and deepening the concept of scientific history. More attention should be paid to the context of the history of thought and the analysis of the way of theory.
【作者单位】：南京大学马克思主义社会理论研究中心暨哲学系;
【分类号】：A811

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