费希特与马克思自由观的比较研究

发布时间：2018-04-26 04:08

本文选题：费希特 + 马克思　；参考：《浙江师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：马克思与德国古典哲学的关系,历来是学界关于马克思思想形成和发展研究的重点,其中,在马克思自由观与康德、黑格尔、费尔巴哈自由观间关系的研究方面,学界已经取得了丰硕的成果。但相比之,马克思自由观与费希特自由观间关系的研究方面还很薄弱,几乎是个空白。费希特的自由观在近代德国时代精神的形成中曾起过重要的作用：推动了德国民族主义和社会主义思潮的兴起,并对青年黑格尔派的形成产生了重要影响。本文将从历史发展与文本分析的角度对马克思与费希特的自由观进行比较研究。全文正文分为四个相互联系的部分。第一部分：剖析了费希特自由观由以出发的唯心主义立场——“绝对自我”,指出,马克思基于对费希特自由观唯心主义立场的批判,批判性地继承和发展了其中所包含的合理因素,即强调“能动性”,建立了以实践为基础的主客体统一的历史唯物主义自由观。第二部分：从人与人、人与自然、人与社会的关系角度比较了马克思自由观和费希特自由观的三个基本原则,阐释了在自由观基本原则方面马克思对费希特相关概念的批判与超越。第三部分：比较分析了马克思自由观与费希特自由观的价值取向,指出,基于对费希特自由观价值取向的辩证扬弃,马克思把自由视为人与动物区分的标志、道德活动的本质。这一本质是自我在道德活动中通过自律来实现的。第四部分：对马克思自由观和费希特自由观的政治取向进行了比较。虽然,这两种自由观都承认劳动是实现自由的手段,但是,由于阶级和时代的局限性,费希特的自由观把资产阶级国家视为个人意志自由的共同体,这是为新兴的资产阶级服务的。而马克思则批判了费希特自由观的政治取向,认为,只有通过无产阶级的长期斗争,在阶级和国家自行消亡的基础上才能达到实现人的自由最高境界——人的自由而全面的发展的场域,即自由人的联合体——共产主义。总之,对马克思自由观与费希特自由观加以比较研究,不仅有助于进一步深入展开对马克思与德国古典哲学关系的探讨,而且也有助于推进对马克思自由观乃至马克思哲学的研究。
[Abstract]:The relationship between Marx and German classical philosophy has always been the focus of academic research on the formation and development of Marx's thought, among which, the study of the relationship between Marx's concept of freedom and Kant's, Hegel's, Feuerbach's view of freedom. Academic circles have made fruitful achievements. However, the study of the relationship between Marx's view of freedom and Fichte's view of freedom is still very weak, almost a blank. Fichte's concept of freedom played an important role in the formation of the spirit of the modern German era: it promoted the rise of German nationalism and socialist thought and had an important influence on the formation of the youth Hegel school. This paper makes a comparative study of Marx's and Fichte's views on freedom from the angle of historical development and text analysis. The text is divided into four interrelated parts. In the first part, the author analyzes the idealism standpoint of Fichte's view of freedom, that is, "absolute ego", and points out that Marx is based on the criticism of Fichte's view of freedom. It critically inherits and develops the reasonable factors contained therein, that is, emphasizing "initiative", and establishes a unified historical materialism freedom view based on practice. The second part: from the point of view of the relationship between man and man, man and nature, man and society, the author compares the three basic principles of Marx's view of freedom and Fichte's view of freedom. This paper expounds Marx's criticism and transcendence of Fichte's related concepts in the basic principles of the concept of freedom. In the third part, the author compares and analyzes the value orientation of Marx's concept of freedom and Fichte's view of freedom, and points out that, based on the dialectical sublation of the value orientation of Fichte's view of freedom, Marx regarded freedom as the mark of distinguishing man from animal, and the essence of moral activity. This essence is realized by self-discipline in moral activities. The fourth part: the political orientation of Marx's freedom view and Fichte's freedom view is compared. Although both concepts of freedom recognized that labor was a means of achieving freedom, because of the limitations of class and the times, Fichte's view of freedom regarded the bourgeois state as a community of individual freedom of will. This serves the burgeoning bourgeoisie. Marx, on the other hand, criticized the political orientation of Fichte's view of freedom, arguing that only through the long-term struggle of the proletariat, Only on the basis of the death of class and state, can we achieve the highest realm of human freedom-the field of human freedom and all-round development, that is, the association of free people-communism. In a word, the comparative study of Marx's concept of freedom and Fichte's view of freedom is not only helpful to further explore the relationship between Marx and German classical philosophy, It also helps to promote the study of Marx's view of freedom and even Marx's philosophy.
【学位授予单位】：浙江师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：B025.9;B516.33;A811

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