马克思民主思想研究

发布时间：2018-06-17 23:50

本文选题：马克思 + 民主思想　；参考：《天津商业大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：本文从马克思民主思想的形成脉络入手，以马克思对资本主义民主的批判为视角，揭示马克思民主思想的实质与特征，深化对民主的认识，展示马克思民主思想的当代价值。马克思通过对以往的民主思想进行批判和借鉴，逐渐形成了自己的民主思想。从理论渊源上看，马克思民主思想主要来自于卢梭的人民主权思想以及黑格尔的市民社会与国家理论；19世纪，西欧国家民主政治体制诸如议会制、政党制、普选制的产生和发展，以及无产阶级革命运动的蓬勃发展，也为马克思民主思想的产生创造了条件。从马克思民主思想形成历程上看，在萌芽之初，马克思批判的矛头主要指向封建专制主义，提出要通过民主争得自由，通过对资本主义民主政治的扬弃，他又提出了“真正的民主制”的理想；在参加了欧洲革命实践之后，他的民主思想开始和革命思想紧密相连，他指出无产阶级专政和不断革命才是实现民主和人的自由解放的途径；到了马克思的晚年，他又通过对古代社会的研究，展望了未来社会的民主制。对资本主义民主的批判认识是马克思民主思想体系的重要组成部分，马克思不否认资本主义民主制度与封建专制制度相比有一定的进步性，资本主义民主制度也是生产力发展的产物，它的民主原则也体现了社会的民主要求，同时还能为无产阶级民主提供借鉴，但这一切并不能改变其资产阶级专政的阶级实质，它的民主原则只是为了占有生产资料的统治阶级服务，并没有贯彻人民当家作主的本质要求。在此基础上，马克思阐述了自己的无产阶级民主思想，主要包括人民主权和人的解放思想、无产阶级专政思想、民主共和国思想等。马克思认为民主制就是“人民主权”，虽然通过政治解放可以实现每个人的人权，但实现人类自由解放只有消灭私有制。这样就必须由无产阶级和广大劳动人民掌握政权，实行无产阶级专政，用民主共和国的形式组织政权，参与和管理国家事务，直到实现国家自行消亡、消灭阶级统治，达到人类自由解放的目的。综上，我们可以看到：马克思在批判的继承了卢梭、黑格尔等人的民主思想后，从哲学上发现了“真正的民主制”；然后他又找到了实现这一理想的主体——无产阶级，以及实现途径——无产阶级专政；最后通过参与革命实践，总结出了斗争形式和政治组织原则；同时，在对资本主义民主批判的基础上，，阐述了自己的民主思想，这样马克思民主思想的内在逻辑已经构建完成。通过对马克思民主思想的分析，我们可以看到它对现实问题仍然具有强大的解释力，仍然具有当代价值。它不仅可以帮助我们进一步认识资本主义民主，还能克服我们在当代民主政治认知和实践上的矛盾，同时指导我们更好的推进社会主义民主政治建设。
[Abstract]:From the perspective of Marx's critique of capitalist democracy, this paper reveals the essence and characteristics of Marx's democratic thought, deepens his understanding of democracy, and shows the contemporary value of Marx's democratic thought. Marx gradually formed his own democratic thought by criticizing and drawing lessons from the former democratic thought. From the theoretical origin, Marx's democratic thought mainly comes from Rousseau's thought of people's sovereignty and Hegel's theory of civil society and state. In the 19th century, the democratic political system of Western European countries such as parliamentary system and political party system. The emergence and development of the universal election system and the vigorous development of the proletarian revolutionary movement also created conditions for the emergence of Marx's democratic thought. From the point of view of the forming process of Marx's democratic thought, at the beginning of its germination, Marx's criticism was mainly directed at feudal autocracy, and he proposed that freedom should be won through democracy, and the sublation of capitalist democratic politics should be adopted. He put forward the ideal of "true democracy"; after taking part in the practice of revolution in Europe, his democratic ideas began to be closely linked to revolutionary ideas. He pointed out that the dictatorship of the proletariat and the continuous revolution were the only way to realize democracy and the free liberation of human beings. In the late years of Marx, he looked forward to the democratic system of the future society through the study of the ancient society. The critical understanding of capitalist democracy is an important part of Marx's democratic ideological system. Marx does not deny that capitalist democracy has a certain degree of progress compared with feudal autocratic system. The capitalist democratic system is also the product of the development of productive forces, and its democratic principles also reflect the democratic requirements of society, and at the same time can provide a reference for proletarian democracy, but all this cannot change the class essence of its bourgeois dictatorship. Its democratic principle serves only the ruling class that possesses the means of production, and does not carry out the essential requirements of the people as masters of their own country. On this basis, Marx elaborated his proletarian democratic thought, mainly including people's sovereignty and people's emancipation thought, proletarian dictatorship thought, democratic republic thought and so on. Marx believed that democracy is "people's sovereignty". Although human rights can be realized through political liberation, the only way to realize human freedom is to eliminate private ownership. In this way, it is necessary for the proletariat and the working people to take power, to exercise the dictatorship of the proletariat, to organize political power in the form of democratic republics, to participate in and administer state affairs, until the state dies by itself and to eliminate class rule. To achieve the goal of the free liberation of mankind. In summary, we can see that Marx, after critically inheriting Rousseau's and Hegel's democratic thoughts, found "real democracy" in philosophy, and then he found the proletariat, the main body to realize this ideal. And the way to realize proletarian dictatorship; finally, through participating in the revolutionary practice, summing up the forms of struggle and the principles of political organization; at the same time, on the basis of criticizing capitalist democracy, expounding one's own democratic ideas, Thus the inner logic of Marx's democratic thought has been constructed. Through the analysis of Marx's democratic thought, we can see that it still has strong explanatory power to the realistic problem and still has the contemporary value. It can not only help us to further understand the capitalist democracy, but also overcome the contradiction between our cognition and practice in the contemporary democratic politics, and guide us to better promote the socialist democratic politics construction at the same time.
【学位授予单位】：天津商业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：A811;D082

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