回归马克思意识形态理论的实践基础

发布时间：2018-06-19 12:48

本文选题：意识形态 + 实践　；参考：《辽宁大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：在马克思关于意识形态的原初定义中，是彰显着虚假和真实的两极张力的。其中，虚假的观念体系是指以“神秘主义的方式解答社会历史现象”的一种头足倒置的观念存在形式，“认为宗教、概念、普遍的东西统治着现存世界”，其“虚假性”主要来源于“颠倒性”。马克思所说的“虚假的意识”源于思维至上的观念，以往的意识形态家都认为纯粹的思维是分析社会现实的基础，认为观念的东西是推动社会发展的动力，这是历史唯心主义的认识论；而马克思认为，意识形态在阶级社会中，在理论上表现为特定阶级的根本利益，社会形态的变革伴随着意识形态的变化，这是利益要求使然。在马克思看来，意识形态之所以会“虚假”，就是因为阶级利益作为一种特殊的集团利益，只有在革命期间才会与社会普遍利益相契合，因而是短暂的。按照马克思的观点，既然阶级利益与社会普遍利益的契合只在革命期间，那么，当无产阶级革命取得胜利之后，原来的被统治阶级——无产阶级，上升为统治阶级，随着其阶级角色的转换，无产阶级的阶级利益是否也会转变为特殊的集团利益？其意识形态是否会失去真实性，成为“虚假意识”呢？对这一理论悖论的解决，成为本文研究的一个主要任务。马克思之后，意识形态概念发生了嬗变，在东西方都陷入了困境，对于这种困境的解决，需要我们重新回到马克思。通过对马克思意识形态概念的文本考察，我们发现，马克思将意识形态及其相关思想统一在了人类的生活实践之中。如果一种意识形态能够真实反映社会存在，实现“事实真实”；能够代表大众利益，实现“利益真实”，那么，这种意识形态就是真实的，而这种真实的意识形态无疑是要建立在实践基础之上的。首先，事实真实是意识形态真实性的现实论基础。当一种意识形态建诸于实践基础之上、真实反映社会存在的时候，就实现了它的“事实真实”。马克思正是在实践基础上来阐述意识形态的生成与发展的。意识形态是关于人的社会生活的总体观念，而人的社会生活在本质上是以物质资料生产为基础的社会实践活动。因此，物质实践是社会意识产生、发展的动力，是解释社会意识的基础。要使意识形态走出虚假性、走向真实，也必须始终使意识形态如实反映社会存在，随社会实践的发展变化而不断修正自身。其次，利益真实是意识形态真实性的价值论基础。利益是社会实践的一个部分,是意识形态的存在基础，完全脱离利益因素的意识形态是不存在的。意识形态的形成、发展都有赖于利益作为基础。只有正确反映利益水平、要求的意识形态，才是符合历史的。当一种意识形态能够见诸实践基础之上，，最大限度的反映大众利益的时候，就实现了其“利益真实”。意识形态作为一种国家利益诉求，其实质就是要实现统治阶级利益与社会整体利益的契合，无产阶级由于其彻底的革命性，其意识形态从终极意义上要代表全人类利益，这样具有普遍性的意识形态是可以达到真实的。在当代中国，改革开放以来，意识形态范式随社会实践的变迁而不断变革，意识形态由于建诸于实践之上而推动了中国的经济与社会发展，创造了“中国奇迹”，凸显其利益真实。今后，意识形态仍然要始终真实反映社会存在、最大程度代表人民利益，才能保持其真实性。而实践是意识形态变革的立足点，中国当代意识形态应随实践发展而彰显其真实性旨趣。
[Abstract]:In Marx's original definition of ideology, it shows the false and true tension of the two poles. Among them, the false concept system refers to the form of an inverted concept of "the answer to social and historical phenomena in the way of mysticism", "the belief that religion, concept, universal things rule the existing world", and its "void". "False" is mainly derived from "upside down". Marx's "false consciousness" derives from the idea of thinking supremacy. The former ideologies think that pure thinking is the basis for analyzing social reality and that the idea is the motive force to promote social development. This is the epistemology of historical idealism; and Marx thinks that it is meaning. In the class society, the form of knowledge is shown in theory as the fundamental interest of a particular class. The change of the social form is accompanied by the change of ideology. This is the requirement of interest. In Marx's view, the reason why ideology is "false" is that class interests are a special group of interests, only during the period of the revolution. The common interests of the society are consistent, and thus are short.
According to Marx's view, since the combination of class interests and social universal interests is only during the period of the revolution, when the proletariat revolution has won the victory, the original ruling class, the proletariat, rises to the ruling class. With the transformation of its class role, the class interests of the non productive class will also be transformed into a special group. Whether the ideology of interest will lose its authenticity and become a "false consciousness"? How to solve this theoretical paradox has become a major task of this paper.
After Marx, the concept of ideology has changed, and both East and West are in a dilemma. We need to return to Marx for the solution of this dilemma. Through a textual investigation of the concept of Marx's ideology, we find that Marx unify ideology and its related thoughts in human life practice. The ideology can truly reflect the existence of the society and realize the reality of reality, and it can represent the interests of the masses and realize the "truth of interests". Then, this ideology is true, and this real ideology is undoubtedly based on the practice.
First, factual truth is the realistic basis of ideological reality. When a kind of ideology is built on the basis of practice and truly reflects the existence of society, it realizes its "fact truth". Marx is on the basis of practice to elaborate the formation and development of ideology. Ideology is about human social life. As a whole, human social life is essentially a social practice based on material material production. Therefore, material practice is the basis of social consciousness, the motive force of social consciousness, the motive force of development, and the basis of social consciousness. The development and change of social practice constantly revises itself.
Secondly, the truth of interest is the basis of the value theory of ideological reality. Interest is a part of social practice, the basis of the existence of ideology, and the ideology that is completely divorced from the factors of interest is not exist. The formation of ideology depends on the interests as the basis. It is in accordance with history. When an ideology can be seen on the basis of practice and reflects the interests of the masses to the maximum extent, it realizes its "interest truth". As a national interest appeal, the essence of which is to realize the agreement of the interests of the ruling class and the whole social interests, and the proletariat because of its thorough. Revolutionaries, whose ideology represents the interests of all mankind from the ultimate sense, can achieve such a universal ideology.
In contemporary China, since the reform and opening up, ideological paradigm has been changing with the change of social practice. Ideology has promoted the economic and social development of China and created the "Chinese miracle", which has created a "Chinese miracle". In order to keep the interests of the people in order to maintain their authenticity, practice is the foothold of ideological change, and the Chinese contemporary ideology should manifest its true purport with the development of practice.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：A811

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