马克思主义大众化内在矛盾及其转化机制研究

发布时间：2018-06-27 04:08

本文选题：马克思主义大众化 + 基本矛盾　；参考：《山东大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：矛盾存在于一切事物中,任何事物的发展都是由矛盾推动的,自然界是如此,人类社会是如此,人类的认识活动亦如此。作为一种实践和认识活动,马克思主义大众化也不例外,它的产生、发展离不开矛盾,矛盾还规定了马克思主义大众化的性质、结构、过程、发展规律和基本面貌,决定了大众化的方式方法以及所采取的政策、方针、措施等等。构成马克思主义大众化的矛盾多种多样,其性质、地位、作用各不相同,其中有两对矛盾在这个矛盾体系中处于支配地位,对大众化的进程起着决定作用,它们就是马克思主义大众化的基本矛盾,第一对基本矛盾是马克思主义需要被大众把握而大众又难以把握之间的矛盾,或者说马克思主义原本学术水平与大众把握能力之间的矛盾。马克思主义需要被大众掌握是由其内在本性决定的,人民群众需要掌握马克思主义是由其历史使命和主体地位决定的,所以,构成矛盾的双方存在内在的、本质的、必然的联系,这对矛盾是马克思主义大众化的内在矛盾,驱动着大众化的进程,其表现就是马克思主义发展要适应大众理解水平和把握能力的规律,大众理解水平提高以适应马克思主义原本水平的规律,以实现马克思主义大众化与大众马克思主义化的双向互动,彼此相互适应、相互促进、相向而行,共同推动马克思主义大众化。马克思主义原本学术水平与大众把握能力之间的矛盾是大众化的前提性矛盾,是结构性矛盾,更是内在矛盾,是推动大众化的根本动力。马克思主义大众化的第一对基本矛盾决定了马克思主义一定要大众化,大众化是解决这一矛盾的必由之路。第一对基本矛盾决定了马克思主义大众化的必然性,那么,大众化能否实现呢?这取决于马克思主义大众化的实现能力,即大众化力的状况,以及马克思主义大众化力能否满足大众对马克思主义日益增长的需要。马克思主义大众化力与大众对马克思主义需要之间的矛盾,是大众化过程中的第二对基本矛盾,这是大众化的过程性矛盾、功能性矛盾,决定了大众化的现实转化过程,是一对外显性矛盾,表现为马克思主义大众化力一定要适应大众对马克思主义的需要状况的规律,这对基本矛盾也是推动大众化的根本动力。两对基本矛盾内部的两个方面是对立统一的,两对基本矛盾之间的关系也是对立统一的。第一对基本矛盾决定着第二对基本矛盾,是第二对基本矛盾产生的前提,没有第一对基本矛盾,也就没有第二对基本矛盾。同时,第二对基本矛盾也制约和影响着第一对基本矛盾,第一对基本矛盾的最终解决还要依赖于第二对基本矛盾的解决。第一对基本矛盾驱动着第二对基本矛盾的运动,第二对基本矛盾实现着马克思主义由理论形态到具体形态的转化,在整个马克思主义大众化的过程中,第一对基本矛盾提供内驱动力,第二对基本矛盾提供外显动力。两对基本矛盾都不能单独表征大众化过程的完整性,只有二者协同,才能构成一个全面的、有层次的马克思主义大众化的基本矛盾体系,才能形成强劲的大众化动力。总之,这两对基本矛盾贯穿大众化过程的始终,规定了马克思主义大众化的性质,对大众化起根本的推动作用,并制约着大众化过程中的其他矛盾。马克思主义大众化工作应该遵循其基本矛盾的运动规律,否则就会引起大众化矛盾的激化,这是导致大众出现信仰危机的重要原因。大众化矛盾运动规律是制定马克思主义大众化路径、方针、政策的重要依据,也是分析马克思主义大众化新变化及其原因的重要依据,因为这一过程的新动向从根本上讲是大众化两对基本矛盾作用的结果,是为了调整彼此之间的不适应而带来的变化。马克思主义大众化矛盾的解决要通过一系列转化环节,这些转化是在由大众化矛盾各个方面组成的马克思主义大众化中介双转化系统中进行的。该系统主要由马克思主义原本、普及工作者、普及传播手段、普及作品和服务(简称大众化产品)、大众、接受运用手段组成；普及传播手段和接受运用手段合称大众化手段；大众化手段和大众化产品合称大众化中介,其中大众化产品又称为大众化中介载体。从马克思主义大众化过程来看,大众化系统可分为两个子系统：一个子系统由马克思主义原本、普及工作者、普及传播手段组成,其功能主要是完成马克思主义通俗化工作,即把马克思主义由理论学术形态转化为大众能把握的通俗具体形态,这个子系统可简称普及子系统；另一个子系统由大众化产品、大众、接受运用手段组成,其功能主要是完成马克思主义化大众的工作,即把还没有掌握、信仰马克思主义的大众转化为掌握和信仰马克思主义的信仰者,这个子系统可简称接受子系统。大众化产品是普及子系统的产物,又是接受子系统的底物,是连接普及子系统和接受子系统的桥梁,是两个子系统耦合的中介载体。这一中介载体还把两个子系统的功能耦合起来,使它们共同构成了马克思主义大众化的中介双转化系统。综上分析,本文关于马克思主义大众化的基本问题的回答就是：解决马克思主义大众化的基本矛盾,解放和发展马克思主义大众化力,消除马克思主义信息鸿沟,实现大众马克思主义素质的共同提高。这就是马克思主义大众化的本质。这一本质概念指出了马克思主义大众化的内在原因、基本手段和根本目的,并把这三者有机统一了起来。基于对这一本质的认识,马克思主义大众化的根本任务应该由解决两对基本矛盾的四个方面来决定,即加强马克思主义原本通俗化工作,提升大众把握马克思主义的能力,增强马克思主义大众化力,提高大众对马克思主义的需要层次。那么,如何才能实现马克思主义大众化的本质,解决大众化的基本矛盾,完成大众化的根本任务呢?自改革开放以来,随着经济体制的转型,人们的思想观念、工作方式、认知方式、生活方式都发生了巨大的变化,像过去那样在计划经济所主导的社会生活环境中对大众进行的马克思主义教育或社会主义教育的运作方式已很难适应现实,也难以作为马克思主义大众化的主要渠道。那么还有没有适合当代普通民众学习和掌握马克思主义的重要渠道呢?或者说,能否找到一条适合中国普通民众生活实际的马克思主义大众化的道路呢?伴随着向以社会主义市场经济为主导的社会文化生活的转型,文化生态也相应地发生了转变,出现了新的文化群落,大众文化流行起来,传统文化复兴起来,群众文化活跃起来,组织文化兴盛起来,家族文化重视起来,这几种文化交织、交锋、交融、交变,共同构成了声势浩大的民众文化,而大众就生活在这种文化环境中,这是现阶段中国文化发展的实际。我们通过问卷调研分析发现,大众对民众文化的熟悉程度高于高雅文化或精英文化,且差异显著。民众文化是大众日常接触的主要信息源,是大众精神文化生活的主渠道。而通过理论分析可知,大众与民众文化又存在伴生—互塑关系,民众文化是自然人大众化的媒介,并且论证了马克思主义从形式上可以溶于民众文化,从内容上也能溶进民众文化,而民众文化也适合做马克思主义大众化的媒介和载体。因此,可以通过把马克思主义融入民众文化,让民众文化成为连接、耦合马克思主义普及子系统和接受子系统的中介,成为马克思主义大众化的主要渠道和载体,由此构成民众文化主中介载体双转化系统,以民众文化为主中介载体进行马克思主义大众化是当前解决马克思主义大众化矛盾的主渠道和有效途径。如果说通过马克思主义普及作品和服务直接将两个子系统耦合起来,这样的系统叫单式马克思主义大众化系统,那么,通过载入马克思主义的民众文化间接将两个子系统耦合起来,这样的系统就叫复式马克思主义大众化系统。马克思主义融入民众文化的机制是加载—卸载,涉及到三个关键环节：一是马克思主义信息被编码成可融入民众文化的格式,二是马克思主义信息以一定的方式和方法融入民众文化,三是把融入民众文化中的马克思主义信息提取出来。复普及相较于裸普及看似采用了迂回的办法,绕了一个圈,但是因为贴近了大众的实际文化生活,反而会取得良好的效果。这就是事物发展的辩证法,对马克思主义大众化一样适用。马克思主义信息的加载—卸载过程实际上表现为马克思主义普及与民众文化的互动,大体存在四类作用和反作用：一类是马克思主义普及对民众文化的供素材作用、赋主题作用(包括世界观、人生观、价值观等)、供立场和方法作用、赋精神作用等；一类是马克思主义普及对民众文化的调制矫正作用,该作用包含了对以上各种子作用的复合,是一种综合作用；一类是民众文化对马克思主义普及的多维正向作用(包括民众文化发展需要的反作用、文化生活实践的反作用、观念情感资源的反作用、表达方式的反作用、传播方式的反作用等)；一类是民众文化对马克思主义普及的多维负向作用。马克思主义普及与民众文化之间的规范互动的结果就是马克思主义被民众文化化而融入民众文化中,把“高大上”的马克思主义理论转化成“接地气”的通俗道理。规范互动所遵循的规则体系,本文称之为马克思主义落地生根论,这是有民众文化特色的马克思主义大众化道路的基本内容。规范互动还优化了社会主义文化生态,促使民众文化社会主义化,既丰富了大众文化生活,又对大众进行了思想政治教育,还推动了社会主义文化的大发展大繁荣,可谓一举多得。当然,民众文化具有双重性,这种双重性使民众文化对马克思主义大众化既有积极作用,又会造成不良影响和消极作用。民众文化对马克思主义普及不规范互动的结果导致马克思主义大众化出现各种消化不良和错误倾向,如庸俗化、低俗化、经验化、教条化、公式化、口号化、功利化、实用化、形式化、机械化、片面化、碎片化、去党性化、迷信化、神秘化,以及出现曲解、误解等现象。这既是一个有挑战难度的理论问题,又是一个具有现实意义的实践问题,应引起高度重视。根据对以上马克思主义大众化相关矛盾、规律、观点、模式、调查结果等的分析,可以推出解决大众化基本矛盾的主要形式和内容方面,以及影响大众化效率的主导因素。这些因素也是马克思主义普及主体与大众主体互动的最佳契合点,它们构成了马克思主义大众化的三条最优化途径,即马克思主义形象化、马克思主义普及数字化、马克思主义日常化。
[Abstract]:Contradiction exists in all things, and the development of everything is driven by contradictions. Nature is the same, human society is the same, human cognition is also the same. As a practice and cognitive activity, the popularization of Marx doctrine is no exception, its emergence, development is inseparable from the contradiction, and the contradiction also stipulates the popularization of Marx doctrine. The nature, structure, process, law of development and basic features determine the ways and means of popularization, policies, policies, measures and so on. The contradiction of the popularization of Marx doctrine is varied, its nature, status and function are different, of which two contradictions are dominated in this contradiction system and are popular. The process plays a decisive role. They are the basic contradictions of the popularization of Marx's doctrine. The first pair of basic contradictions is the contradiction between the need to be grasped by the masses while the masses are difficult to grasp, or the contradiction between the original academic level of the Marx doctrine and the ability to grasp the ability of the masses. Marx needs to be mastered by the masses by the masses. It is determined by its inherent nature that the people need to master the Marx doctrine is determined by its historical mission and main position. Therefore, the contradictions are inherent, essential and inevitable. This contradiction is the internal contradiction of the popularization of Marx doctrine, which drives the process of popularization, and its performance is the development of Marx's doctrine. In order to adapt to the law of the public understanding and the ability to grasp the ability, the public understands the level to adapt to the law of the original level of Marx's doctrine, in order to realize the two-way interaction between the popularization of Marx and the Marx doctrine of the masses, to adapt to each other, to promote each other, to move towards each other, and to promote the popularization of Marx doctrine. The Marx doctrine original. The contradiction between the academic level and the ability to grasp the masses is the precondition contradiction of the mass, the structural contradiction, the inner contradiction and the fundamental motive for promoting the popularization. The first basic contradiction of the popularization of Marx's doctrine decides that the Marx doctrine must be popularized and the popularization is the only way to solve this contradiction. The basic contradiction determines the inevitability of the popularization of Marx's doctrine. Then, can the popularization be realized? It depends on the realization ability of the popularization of Marx doctrine, that is, the situation of popular power, and whether the popularity of Marx can meet the growing needs of the masses to Marx, and the popularity and the masses of Marx doctrine and the masses. The contradiction between the needs of Marx's doctrine is the second basic contradiction in the process of popularization, which is the procedural contradiction of the mass, the contradiction of function, the process of the transformation of the mass reality and the contradiction of the external dominance, which shows that the popular power of Marx must be adapted to the needs of the public to Marx. The basic contradiction between the two basic contradictions is the unity of opposites, and the relationship between the two basic contradictions is also the unity of opposites. The first pair of basic contradictions determines the second basic contradictions, which is the prerequisite for the second basic contradictions, and there is no first pair of basic contradictions. There are no second basic contradictions. At the same time, the basic contradiction also restricts and affects the first basic contradiction. The final solution of the first basic contradiction depends on the solution of the basic contradiction. The first pair of basic contradictions drive the movement of the second basic contradictions, and the second to the basic contradiction the Marx doctrine from the theoretical form. The transformation of state to concrete form, in the process of the popularization of the whole Marx doctrine, first provides internal driving force for basic contradictions, and second provides explicit motive force for basic contradictions. Two to the basic contradiction, the integrity of the mass process can not be represented alone. Only by the coordination of the two can it form a comprehensive and hierarchical Marx doctrine. In a word, the two pairs of basic contradictions run through the process of popularization, which stipulates the nature of the popularization of Marx doctrine, plays a fundamental role in popularized and restricts the other contradictions in the process of popularization. The popularization of Marx doctrine should follow its basis. The movement law of this contradiction will cause the intensification of the mass contradiction, which is the important reason for the public belief crisis. The law of mass contradiction movement is the important basis for the formulation of the path, policy and policy of Marx's popularization, and also the important basis for the analysis of the new changes and causes of the popularization of Marx doctrine, because of this The new trend of the process is fundamentally the result of the two basic contradictions of the mass, and the changes brought about by adjusting the incompatibility between each other. The solution of the Marx doctrine of the mass contradiction should pass through a series of transformation links, which are the mediating of the Marx doctrine of the mass contradiction. The system is carried out in the dual transformation system. The system is mainly made up of Marx doctrine, popularizing workers, popularizing the means of communication, popularizing works and services (popularized products), the masses, accepting the means of use, popularizing the popular means and accepting the means of use, and popularizing the medium of popularization and mass products. In the process of popularization of Marx doctrine, the mass system can be divided into two subsystems: a subsystem is composed of the original Marx doctrine, the universal worker and the universal means of communication. The function of the system is to complete the popularization of Marx doctrine, that is, the Marx doctrine is the reason. On the transformation of the academic form to the popular and concrete form that the masses can grasp, this subsystem can be referred to as the universal subsystem for short, and the other subsystem is composed of popular products, the masses, and the means of acceptance and application. Its function is to complete the work of the Marx doctrine of the masses, that is, it has not been mastered, and the mass of the belief of Marx's doctrine is transformed into mastery. And the belief of the Marx doctrine, this subsystem can be referred to as the subsystem for short. The popular product is the product of the universal subsystem, the substrate of the receiving subsystem, the bridge connecting the universal subsystem and the receiving subsystem, and the medium carrier of the coupling of the two subsystems. This intermediary carrier also combines the functions of the two subsystems. In a comprehensive analysis, the answer to the basic problems of the popularization of Marx doctrine is to solve the basic contradictions of the popularization of Marx doctrine, to emancipate and develop the popularity of Marx, to eliminate the Marx information gap and to realize the public. This is the common improvement of the quality of Marx's doctrine. This is the essence of the popularization of the Marx doctrine. This essential concept points out the internal causes of the popularization of Marx's doctrine, the basic means and the fundamental purpose, and the organic unity of the three. Based on the understanding of this essence, the fundamental task of the popularization of Marx's doctrine should be solved. Two to determine the four aspects of the basic contradiction, that is, to strengthen the original work of the Marx doctrine, to enhance the public's ability to grasp the Marx doctrine, to enhance the popularity of Marx's doctrine and to improve the needs of the public to Marx. Then, how can we realize the essence of the popularization of Marx doctrine and solve the basic spear of popularizing the popularity of Marx. Since the reform and opening up, with the transformation of the economic system, great changes have taken place in people's ideas, ways of work, the way of cognition, and the way of life since the reform and opening up. The Marx education or socialist education of the masses in the social environment dominated by the planned economy in the past is the same as that of the past. The way of operation has been difficult to adapt to reality, and it is difficult to be the main channel for the popularization of Marx's doctrine. Then there are no important channels for the common people to learn and master Marx, or can we find a road to the popularization of Marx's doctrine that is suitable for the life of the common people in China? With the transformation of socialistic and cultural life dominated by the socialist market economy, cultural ecology has changed correspondingly. New cultural communities have appeared, popular culture is popular, traditional culture is revived, mass culture is active, organizational culture flourishes, and family culture is valued. These cultures intertwined, intermingled and blended. Change, together constitute a great popular culture, and the masses live in this cultural environment. This is the reality of the development of Chinese culture at the present stage. Through a questionnaire survey, we find that the public is more familiar with the popular culture than the elegant culture or the elite culture, and the difference is significant. The source of information is the main channel for the spiritual and cultural life of the masses. Through the theoretical analysis, it is known that the mass culture is accompanied by mutual plastic relations, and the popular culture is the medium of the mass culture of natural people, and demonstrates that Marx's doctrine can dissolve from the popular culture in form, and it can also dissolve into the popular culture from the content, and the popular culture is also suitable. As a medium and carrier of the popularization of Marx's doctrine, we can integrate the Marx doctrine into the popular culture, make the popular culture become a connection, coupled the intermediary of the popularization of the Marx doctrine and the receiving subsystem, and become the main channel and carrier of the popularization of Marx's doctrine, and thus constitute the dual transfer of the main media carrier of the popular culture. It is the main channel and effective way to solve the contradiction between the popularization of Marx doctrine and the popularization of Marx doctrine with the medium of mass culture as the intermediary carrier. If the two subsystems are directly coupled through the popularization of Marx's works and services, such a system is called the system of the unilateral Marx doctrine popularization. The overloading of the Marx doctrine of the popular culture indirectly combines the two subsystems, which is called the compound Marx doctrine popularization system. The mechanism of Marx's integration into the popular culture is loading and unloading, which involves three key links: first, the Marx doctrine is encoded into the popular culture format, two It is the integration of Marx's information into the culture of the people in a certain way and method, and the three is to extract the information of the Marx doctrine into the culture of the people. The popularization of the literature seems to have adopted a circuitous way and around a circle compared to the naked popularization, but it will have a good effect on the contrary to the actual cultural life of the masses. It is the dialectics of the development of things, which is just as applicable to the popularization of Marx doctrine. The loading and unloading of Marx's information is actually shown as the interaction between the popularity of Marx's doctrine and the popular culture, and there are four kinds of functions and Counteractions in general: one is the role of the popularization of Marx on the culture of the people and the role of the theme (package). It includes the world outlook, the outlook on life, the values, etc., for the position and method, the role of the spirit, and so on. One is the modulation and correction of the popular culture by the popularization of Marx's doctrine, which includes the combination of the functions of the above seeds and is a comprehensive function; the other is the multidimensional positive effect of the popular culture on the popularization of Marx doctrine (including the multidimensional positive effect of the popular culture on the popularization of the people). The counteraction of the needs of the people's cultural development, the counteraction of the practice of cultural life, the counteraction of the ideological and emotional resources, the counteraction of the expression mode, the counteraction of the mode of communication, etc., one is the multidimensional negative effect of the popular culture on the popularization of Marx's doctrine. The result of the interaction between the popularization of Marx doctrine and the culture of the people is the result of the horse. Kyth's doctrine is translated into the popular culture by the people, and the "lofty" theory of Marx's theory is transformed into the popular truth of "grounding Qi". The rule system which is followed by the standardization of the interaction is called the theory of "Marx doctrine", which is the basic content of the road of popular culture with the characteristics of Marx. Fan interaction has also optimized the socialist cultural ecology, promoted the socialist culture of the masses, enriched the cultural life of the masses and carried out the mass culture.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：A811

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