卢卡奇物化批判的重新审视
发布时间：2019-05-21 14:09
【摘要】：物化是卢卡奇诊断资本主义现代性现实的标志性概念。卢卡奇物化批判存在着理性批判和历史哲学两个向度。从前者来看,卢卡奇综合了马克思的商品拜物教批判和韦伯的合理化批判。商品结构的支配性与形式合理化的普遍性是同一过程的两个方面。物化中的“物”,不仅是商品关系中的物,还是形式合理性所理解和把握的物。形式合理性与直观态度相辅相成,物化意识参与建构了物化结构。经济、国家和法律等领域存在着类似的行为结构和意识结构。这种普遍的合理物化结构具有内在限制：形式合理化与内容非理性之间、部分合理化与总体非理性之间的矛盾。形式合理化批判的基础是具体的辩证的总体理性。从后者来看,物化批判走的是历史辩证法的内在超越之路,无产阶级作为历史的主体与客体能够实现对物化结构的内在超越。这意味着,一方面物化是历史形成的,只有在资本主义社会中,当劳动力成为商品时,物化才构成了人的普遍的存在方式和命运；另一方面,对于资产阶级和无产阶级来说,物化虽然都是直接给定性存在,但由于两个阶级社会存在的区别,无产阶级不仅是这种物化结构的形成因素,而且是扬弃这种物化结构的内在因素。无产阶级在劳动时间内体会到了质与量的辩证法,体会到劳动时间的变化不仅是剥削数量的差异,而且是对自身感性生命的剥夺,由此,无产阶级作为商品的自我意识开始觉醒。这种无产阶级阶级意识是一种实践的意识,在其具体展开的阶级斗争中,物的力量开始还原为人的力量,物与物的关系开始呈现为人与人的关系,属人的历史开始不断生成。法兰克福学派从理性批判角度,继承和推进了物化批判。在霍克海默和阿多诺那里,物化批判表现为理性权力批判。普遍的物化就是普遍的权力控制,资产阶级启蒙理性的实质是理性权力,物化辩证法表现为对权力关系有规定的否定。哈贝马斯认为,霍克海默和阿多诺简化了启蒙理性的图景,将启蒙理性等同于工具理性,使物化批判陷入了践行矛盾。哈贝马斯从交往理性重建物化批判的规范性基础,从生活世界与系统两个层面分析资本主义合理化进程。生活世界的合理化使得经济与行政系统得以分化形成,但系统过度肥大,其调节机制(金钱与权力)侵入生活世界,损害了生活世界的交往行为,物化是生活世界殖民化。霍耐特认为物化并不是交往能力被侵蚀,而是个体身份形成受阻。这种个体身份受阻不仅可能出现在生活世界中,也可能出现在经济和政治系统中。霍耐特以承认理论重构物化批判,物化是先行承认的遗忘。法兰克福学派从理性批判推进物化批判受到了齐泽克的批评。齐泽克在激进哲学的话语体系中,复兴了物化批判的历史哲学向度。齐泽克认为,卢卡奇是十月革命的哲学家,批判理论继承物化批判是对卢卡奇的背叛,是虚假左翼的体现。历史辩证法的关键在于否认知识论意义上的历史必然性,否认肯定意义上的无产阶级普遍性,主张抓住时机,采取行动,介入历史。法兰克福学派物化批判的特色在于规范性批判。霍克海默和阿多诺试图在劳动领域寻找解放的可能性,哈贝马斯切断了工具理性行为与解放之间的关联,从交往理性重新寻找解放的可能性,霍耐特以承认理论重释社会冲突和解放的可能性。批判理论一直致力于从批判的规范性基础入手,寻找社会内在超越的可能性。这条道路看起来与革命越来越远,但恰恰反过来表明,在前理论的生活经验中,革命越来越没有根基。批判理论的物化批判证否了当代激进哲学的革命话语。激进哲学推崇历史偶然性和时机,反对历史必然性知识,在思想结构上接近于政治浪漫派。卢卡奇的辩证时机论不同于可能性至上的机缘论,社会历史的总体性不同于主观想象的总体性,无产阶级政党也不同于浪漫派主体。当下,卢卡奇最重要的思想遗产在于,从经济与政治的相互关联角度,展开物化批判；从世界历史角度,捍卫以马克思主义指导的无产阶级政党的政治主体地位和社会主义民主。
[Abstract]:The materialization is the symbolic concept of Lukqi's diagnosis of the modern reality of capitalism. Lukic's physical and chemical criticism has two degrees of rationality and historical philosophy. In the former, Lukic has integrated Marx's criticism of the product worship and the rationalization of Weber. The dominance of the commodity structure and the universality of the rationalization of the form are two aspects of the same process. The "object" in materialization is not only an object in the commodity relationship, but also an object to be understood and grasped in the form of rationality. The rationality of the form and the intuitive attitude complement each other, and the physical and chemical consciousness is involved in the construction of the physical and chemical structure. Similar behavior structures and awareness structures exist in the economic, national and legal fields. This universal, rational and physical structure has the inherent limitations: the contradiction between the rationalization of the form and the content irrationality, the partial rationalization and the overall non-rationality. The basis of the criticism of the form of rationalization is the specific and dialectical general reason. From the latter, the physical and chemical criticism is the inner transcendence of the historical dialectics, and the proletariat, as the subject and object of history, can realize the inner transcendence of the physical and chemical structure. This means that, on the one hand, the materialization is the historical formation, only in the capitalist society, when the labor force becomes the commodity, the materialization is the universal existence way and destiny of the person; on the other hand, for the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, the materialization is directly given to the qualitative existence, However, because of the differences between the two classes, the proletariat is not only the formation factor of the physical and chemical structure, but also the internal factor of the disorientation of the physical and chemical structure. In the working time, the proletariat has realized the dialectics of quality and quantity, and the change of the working time is not only the difference of the quantity of exploitation, but also the deprivation of the perceptual life of the proletariat, thus the proletariat begins to wake up as the self-consciousness of the commodity. The class consciousness of the proletariat is a kind of sense of practice. In the class struggle, the power of the object begins to be restored to the strength of the person, and the relationship between the object and the object is beginning to appear as the relation between the person and the person, and the history of the person is continuously generated. The Frankfurt school has inherited and advanced the physical and chemical criticism from the angle of rational criticism. In Hawk and Adorno, the critique of materialization is the critical of rational power. The general materialization is the general power control, the essence of the bourgeois enlightenment reason is the rational power, and the materialization dialectics is the negation of the regulation of the power relations. According to Habermas, Hawk and Adorno have simplified the view of the enlightenment reason, and the enlightenment reason is equal to the instrumental reason, so that the physical and chemical criticism is put into practice. Habermas analyses the process of the rationalization of capitalism from two aspects of living world and system, based on the normative basis of communication rational reconstruction of physical and chemical criticism. The rationalization of the world of life makes the economy and the administrative system to form, but the system is overgrown, its adjustment mechanism (money and power) invades the life world, and damages the communication behavior of the living world, and the materialization is the world of life. Hort's view is that the materialization is not the erosion of the communication ability, but the formation of the individual's identity is blocked. The restriction of such an individual's identity is not only possible in the world of life, but also in the economic and political system. Hort's theory rebuilds the materialization and materialization, and the materialization is the oblivion of the first recognition. The Frankfurt school has been criticized by Zetzek from the criticism of rational criticism and the physical and chemical criticism. In the discourse system of the radical philosophy, Zetsk revives the historical philosophy direction of the physical and chemical criticism. Qi Zeke is of the view that Lukqi is the philosopher of the October Revolution, and the criticism of the theory of criticism is the reflection of Lukic's betrayal, which is the expression of the false left. The key to the history of dialectics is to deny the historical inevitability of the meaning of the knowledge theory, and to deny the universality of the proletariat in the positive sense, and to claim the opportunity, take action and intervene in the history. The characteristic of the physical and physical criticism of the Frankfurt School lies in the normative criticism. Hawk and Adorno are trying to find the possibility of liberation in the field of labor. The critical theory has always been committed to starting from the normative basis of the criticism and seeking the possibility of the inner transcendence in the society. The road seems to be more and more distant from the revolution, but it is, in turn, that, in the life experience of the former theory, the revolution has become more and less fundamental. The materialization and criticism of the critical theory are the revolutionary discourse of the contemporary radical philosophy. The radical philosophy holds the historical chance and the opportunity, opposes the historical inevitability knowledge, and is close to the political romanticism in the ideological structure. Lukic's dialectical timing theory is different from the theory of possibility first, the general nature of the social history is different from the overall nature of the subjective imagination, and the proletarian party is different from the romantic main body. At present, Lukic's most important ideological and cultural heritage lies in the development of physical and chemical criticism from the angle of mutual relation between economy and politics, and from the angle of the world, defending the political subject status and the socialist democracy of the proletarian political party guided by Marxism.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：A811
本文编号：2482150
[Abstract]:The materialization is the symbolic concept of Lukqi's diagnosis of the modern reality of capitalism. Lukic's physical and chemical criticism has two degrees of rationality and historical philosophy. In the former, Lukic has integrated Marx's criticism of the product worship and the rationalization of Weber. The dominance of the commodity structure and the universality of the rationalization of the form are two aspects of the same process. The "object" in materialization is not only an object in the commodity relationship, but also an object to be understood and grasped in the form of rationality. The rationality of the form and the intuitive attitude complement each other, and the physical and chemical consciousness is involved in the construction of the physical and chemical structure. Similar behavior structures and awareness structures exist in the economic, national and legal fields. This universal, rational and physical structure has the inherent limitations: the contradiction between the rationalization of the form and the content irrationality, the partial rationalization and the overall non-rationality. The basis of the criticism of the form of rationalization is the specific and dialectical general reason. From the latter, the physical and chemical criticism is the inner transcendence of the historical dialectics, and the proletariat, as the subject and object of history, can realize the inner transcendence of the physical and chemical structure. This means that, on the one hand, the materialization is the historical formation, only in the capitalist society, when the labor force becomes the commodity, the materialization is the universal existence way and destiny of the person; on the other hand, for the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, the materialization is directly given to the qualitative existence, However, because of the differences between the two classes, the proletariat is not only the formation factor of the physical and chemical structure, but also the internal factor of the disorientation of the physical and chemical structure. In the working time, the proletariat has realized the dialectics of quality and quantity, and the change of the working time is not only the difference of the quantity of exploitation, but also the deprivation of the perceptual life of the proletariat, thus the proletariat begins to wake up as the self-consciousness of the commodity. The class consciousness of the proletariat is a kind of sense of practice. In the class struggle, the power of the object begins to be restored to the strength of the person, and the relationship between the object and the object is beginning to appear as the relation between the person and the person, and the history of the person is continuously generated. The Frankfurt school has inherited and advanced the physical and chemical criticism from the angle of rational criticism. In Hawk and Adorno, the critique of materialization is the critical of rational power. The general materialization is the general power control, the essence of the bourgeois enlightenment reason is the rational power, and the materialization dialectics is the negation of the regulation of the power relations. According to Habermas, Hawk and Adorno have simplified the view of the enlightenment reason, and the enlightenment reason is equal to the instrumental reason, so that the physical and chemical criticism is put into practice. Habermas analyses the process of the rationalization of capitalism from two aspects of living world and system, based on the normative basis of communication rational reconstruction of physical and chemical criticism. The rationalization of the world of life makes the economy and the administrative system to form, but the system is overgrown, its adjustment mechanism (money and power) invades the life world, and damages the communication behavior of the living world, and the materialization is the world of life. Hort's view is that the materialization is not the erosion of the communication ability, but the formation of the individual's identity is blocked. The restriction of such an individual's identity is not only possible in the world of life, but also in the economic and political system. Hort's theory rebuilds the materialization and materialization, and the materialization is the oblivion of the first recognition. The Frankfurt school has been criticized by Zetzek from the criticism of rational criticism and the physical and chemical criticism. In the discourse system of the radical philosophy, Zetsk revives the historical philosophy direction of the physical and chemical criticism. Qi Zeke is of the view that Lukqi is the philosopher of the October Revolution, and the criticism of the theory of criticism is the reflection of Lukic's betrayal, which is the expression of the false left. The key to the history of dialectics is to deny the historical inevitability of the meaning of the knowledge theory, and to deny the universality of the proletariat in the positive sense, and to claim the opportunity, take action and intervene in the history. The characteristic of the physical and physical criticism of the Frankfurt School lies in the normative criticism. Hawk and Adorno are trying to find the possibility of liberation in the field of labor. The critical theory has always been committed to starting from the normative basis of the criticism and seeking the possibility of the inner transcendence in the society. The road seems to be more and more distant from the revolution, but it is, in turn, that, in the life experience of the former theory, the revolution has become more and less fundamental. The materialization and criticism of the critical theory are the revolutionary discourse of the contemporary radical philosophy. The radical philosophy holds the historical chance and the opportunity, opposes the historical inevitability knowledge, and is close to the political romanticism in the ideological structure. Lukic's dialectical timing theory is different from the theory of possibility first, the general nature of the social history is different from the overall nature of the subjective imagination, and the proletarian party is different from the romantic main body. At present, Lukic's most important ideological and cultural heritage lies in the development of physical and chemical criticism from the angle of mutual relation between economy and politics, and from the angle of the world, defending the political subject status and the socialist democracy of the proletarian political party guided by Marxism.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：A811
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