中国计划生育政策的历史变迁与完善研究

发布时间：2018-05-09 11:40

本文选题：计划生育政策 + 人口结构　；参考：《湘潭大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：计划生育政策是中国最重要的社会政策之一,决定着我国相当一段时间内的人口发展趋势,包括人口规模、结构及质量等方面,并对经济社会发展具有至关重要的影响。从新中国建立初期到十八届五中全会,我国的计划生育政策发生了巨大的变化,对我国人口现状及人口发展产生了深远的影响。本文以我国计划生育政策的演变为主线,以演变现状为立足点,梳理了新中国建国以来我国计划生育政策的演变过程及其产生的人口问题,并分析了“全面二孩”计划生育政策施行所面临的问题。总的来说,我国的计划生育政策发展经历了三个阶段,即“一孩化”阶段、“开小口,堵大口,刹歪口”阶段、“晚婚、晚育、少生、优生”阶段和“全面二孩”阶段。截至目前,我国的计划生育政策已实施了近60年,其对我国人口数量的控制以及经济、社会、资源和环境的矛盾得到了良好的协调。然而,计划生育政策所带来的潜在问题却也像达摩克利斯之剑一样悬在我国社会经济发展的道路上。计划生育政策带来了一些负面影响,例如:人口老龄化进程不断加快、出生人口性别比严重失衡、总和生育率急剧下降等问题越来越严重。在此背景下,党和政府对现行的计划生育政策进行了重大调整,相继制定和实施了“单独二孩”政策和“全面二孩”政策,旨在缓解人口老化的进程,缓和劳动力人口比重下降的局面,使过高的出生人口性别比回归正常,促使总和生育率的回升。研究认为:“全面二孩政策”能够有效促使我国出生人口性别比回归正常,适当缓解人口老龄化的进程,稳定人口抚养比的上升,增加劳动力的供应,但其影响是非常有限的。因为我国国民的生育意愿及生育文化受计划生育政策和社会经济发展的影响已经发生了悄然变化,再加上目前抚养孩子和培养孩子的成本不断上升,有很大一部分的年轻家庭不愿意生育二孩或者不敢生育二孩。针对当前“全面二孩”计划生育政策施行所面临的现状,因此建议,国家应出台相应的法规和政策适当奖励和补贴生育二孩的家庭,出台相关计划生育福利政策,完善社会保障制度。通过多种手段综合治理来降低民众的生育、教养和养老等成本,从国家层面做好鼓励生育二孩的宣传工作,以提高公众生育意愿,扭转我国人口结构的不合理现状,进而促进人口结构的合理发展,最终适应我国社会经济发展的要求。
[Abstract]:Family planning policy is one of the most important social policies in China, which determines the population development trend in China for a certain period of time, including population size, structure and quality, and has a vital impact on economic and social development. From the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic of China to the Fifth Plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the family planning policy of our country has undergone tremendous changes, which has had a profound impact on the population situation and population development in our country. Taking the evolution of family planning policy as the main line and the status quo of evolution as the foothold, this paper combs the evolution process of family planning policy and its population problems since the founding of the people's Republic of China. It also analyzes the problems faced by the implementation of the two-child-all-child family planning policy. In general, the development of family planning policy in China has experienced three stages, namely, the stage of "one-child", the stage of "opening a small mouth, blocking a large mouth, stopping a crooked mouth", the stage of "late marriage, late childbearing, fewer children, eugenics" and the stage of "comprehensive two-child". Up to now, the family planning policy of our country has been implemented for nearly 60 years, and its control over the population and the contradictions among economy, society, resources and environment have been well coordinated. However, the potential problems brought about by the family planning policy are also hanging on the path of our country's social and economic development like the sword of Damocles. The family planning policy has had some negative effects, such as the accelerating ageing of the population, a serious imbalance in the sex ratio of births and a sharp decline in the total fertility rate. Against this background, the Party and the government have made major adjustments to the current family planning policy, and have successively formulated and implemented the "single two-child" policy and the "comprehensive two-child" policy, aiming at alleviating the process of population aging. To ease the decline in the proportion of labor force, so that the high sex ratio of birth back to normal, promote the total fertility rate. The study holds that the "comprehensive two-child policy" can effectively promote the return of the sex ratio of the birth population to normal, properly alleviate the process of aging population, stabilize the increase of the dependency ratio of the population, and increase the supply of labor force, but its impact is very limited. Because the fertility will and the fertility culture of the people of our country have been quietly changed by the family planning policy and social and economic development, in addition to the rising costs of raising and cultivating children, A large proportion of young families are unwilling or afraid to have a second child. In view of the current situation faced by the implementation of the "comprehensive two-child" family planning policy, it is suggested that the state should introduce appropriate regulations and policies to appropriately reward and subsidize families with a second child, and introduce relevant family planning welfare policies. We will improve the social security system. To reduce the cost of fertility, upbringing and old-age care through various means, and to do a good job of propaganda at the national level to encourage the birth of a second child, in order to improve the public's willingness to have children and to reverse the unreasonable present situation of the population structure in China. Then promote the rational development of population structure, and finally adapt to the requirements of social and economic development of our country.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：C924.21

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