公平性与可持续性：我国生育保障制度改革的价值取向

发布时间：2018-07-15 18:58

【摘要】：生育问题不仅关系着个体生命的延续,也关系着一个国家和社会的人口及劳动力发展状况,关系着人类社会的繁衍和进步。我国在新中国成立以来实行的生育保险制度正是国家对生育问题开始重视的标志,但随着经济和社会的发展,原有的生育保障制度已不适应时代的发展,它还应该肩负着与时俱进的改革需要。生育保障制度是我国社会保障制度体系的重要组成部分,然而却不如养老保障、医疗保障和失业保障制度等能够引起国家和社会的普遍重视,对生育保障制度的忽视直接影响了生育保障制度的改革进程。更为重要的是,我国生育保障制度改革的价值取向一直模糊不清,没有一种明确的价值取向指引着生育保障制度的改革,导致了生育保障制度改革存在着许多不容忽视的问题。一是我国生育保障制度改革的价值取向缺乏公平性,导致了生育保障制度在覆盖范围、统筹层次、缴费机制和待遇给付方面都存在着不公平现象;二是我国生育保障制度改革的价值取向缺乏保障性,导致了职工个人生育权受到损害,企业的违法行为难追其责,政府责任发挥不力;三是我国生育保障制度改革的价值取向缺乏可持续性,导致了我国在制定改革的措施时缺乏动态发展的眼光,并且严重忽视了精英人群的生育问题。这些问题的存在给社会的发展带来了很多负面的影响,一方面,不利于性别公平、群体公平和区域公平,影响了社会公平和社会和谐。另一方面,不利于制度发挥效力的长期性和持续性,影响了人类的进步和社会的可持续性发展。从生育保障制度价值取向现存问题的研究和对社会的负面影响来看,生育保障制度改革的价值取向亟待明确。本文认为,确定我国生育保障制度价值取向最重要的是要积极借鉴国外的先进经验,并科学合理的运用到我国生育保障制度改革的价值取向的选择之中。虽然,国外生育保障制度改革的价值取向也存在一些不明确的地方,但从这些国家改革的细节和措施中我们还是可以学习到宝贵的经验。从生育保障制度设计来看,国外发达国家在生育保障制度改革中更注重公平性这一价值取向,从覆盖范围、待遇给付方面的制度设计可以揭示出这一点。从人口生育政策的实施来看,国外许多国家在人口问题方面一直秉承着可持续性这一价值取向,从人口数量、人口质量方面的可持续发展可以看到他们对人口问题的可持续性引起了足够的重视。确立我国生育保障制度改革的价值取向,除了要借鉴国外先进经验以外,更要结合我国的具体国情,我认为这需要应该坚持两个基本原则:立足于我国的基本国情;放眼于社会的未来发展趋势。在这两个原则的引导下,本文总结和提出了我国生育保障制度改革的价值取向:第一,要以公平性为改革的基础和近期目标,要做到起点公平、过程公平和分配公平;第二,要以可持续性为改革的宗旨和终期目标,要具有前瞻性的思维模式。同时要协调好近期目标和终期目标的关系,以指导我国生育保障制度改革朝着科学合理的方向进行。总之,只有在明确的价值取向引导下,才能促进我国生育保障制度改革的进程,使我国生育保障制度与时俱进,在公平性和可持续性的指引下,切实发挥保障应保人群根本利益的作用,维护社会的公平和稳定,促进社会的和谐和可持续发展。
[Abstract]:The birth problem is not only related to the continuity of individual life, but also to the development of the population and labor of a country and society. It is related to the reproduction and progress of human society. The birth insurance system implemented in China since the founding of new China is the symbol of the state's reconsideration of the problem of fertility. Some birth insurance systems have not adapted to the development of the times. They should also shoulder the need of advancing with the times.
The birth guarantee system is an important part of the social security system of our country, but it is not as good as the old-age security, the medical security and the unemployment guarantee system can arouse the general attention of the state and the society. The neglect of the childbearing guarantee system directly affects the process of the reform of the birth guarantee system. The value orientation of the degree reform has been blurred, and there is no clear value orientation guiding the reform of the birth guarantee system, which leads to the existence of many problems that can not be ignored. One is the lack of equity in the value orientation of the reform of the birth guarantee system in our country, which leads to the coverage of the birth guarantee system and the overall planning. There are unfairness in the level, the payment mechanism and the treatment payment. Two, the lack of guarantee of the value orientation of the reform of the birth guarantee system in our country leads to the damage of the individual reproductive rights of the workers, the unlawful behavior of the enterprise and the poor government's responsibility, and the three is the lack of the value orientation of the reform of the birth guarantee system in our country. The persistence has led to the lack of dynamic development in China's reform measures and the serious neglect of the problem of the elite population. The existence of these problems has brought many negative impacts on the development of the society. On the one hand, it is not conducive to gender equity, group fairness and regional equity, which affects social equity and social harmony. On the one hand, it is not conducive to the long-term and continuity of the effectiveness of the system, which has affected the progress of mankind and the sustainable development of society.
From the study of the existing problems of the value orientation of the birth guarantee system and the negative impact on the society, the value orientation of the reform of the birth guarantee system needs to be clearly defined. This article holds that the most important thing in determining the value orientation of the birth guarantee system in our country is to learn from the advanced experience of foreign countries and apply it scientifically and rationally to our country's reproductive guarantee system. In the choice of the value orientation of the reform, although there are some uncertain values in the value orientation of the reform of the foreign reproductive security system, we can learn valuable experience from the details and measures of the reform of these countries. From the design of the birth guarantee system, the developed countries in the country have been more concerned with the reform of the reproductive security system. In view of the implementation of the policy of population reproduction, many countries have been adhering to the value orientation of sustainability in the population problem, and the sustainable development of population and population quality can be seen from the population and the quality of population. Much attention has been paid to the sustainability of population issues.
To establish the value orientation of the reform of the birth guarantee system in China, in addition to the advanced experience of foreign countries and the specific national conditions of our country, I think it needs to adhere to the two basic principles: Based on the basic national conditions of our country and the future development trend of the society. Under the guidance of these two principles, this paper summarizes and puts forward this paper. The value orientation of the reform of the birth guarantee system in China: first, we should take equity as the basis for reform and the recent goal to achieve fair starting point, process fairness and distribution fairness. Second, we should take sustainability as the aim and final target of the reform and have a forward-looking thinking model. At the same time, we should coordinate the relationship between the recent and the final goals. In order to guide the reform of China's reproductive security system in a scientific and rational direction.
In a word, only under the guidance of the clear value orientation can we promote the process of the reform of the birth guarantee system in our country, make our birth guarantee system keep pace with the times, give full play to the role of ensuring the fundamental interests of the crowd under the guidance of fairness and sustainability, safeguard the fairness and stability of the society, and promote the harmonious and sustainable development of the society. Exhibition.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：C924.21

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