近代河南人口问题研究（1912-1953）
发布时间：2018-08-17 13:33
【摘要】：本文是一篇区域断代人口史方面的研究论文,主要研究对象是近代河南省的人口问题,时间范围从1912年(民国元年)至1953年。 本文在对民国时期河南省人口统计制度深入研究的基础上,重点分析民国时期各个年份的河南人口统计数据,综合运用各种方法进行比较研究,确定河南省1916年和1935年两个年份的数据质量相对较好,可供研究使用,而1953年人口普查质量很高,数据可靠,是民国人口史研究的重要参照。据此本文选择以1916、1935、1953年为研究的标准年份,以这三个年份为基准,考察民国时期河南省的人口变化规律。为更好地研究河南省不同区域人口的变化,本文以1935年十一个行政督察区为准进行分区研究,以揭示不同地区的人口变动。 对入口密度的分析表明：1916年河南省山区人口密度明显小于平原地区,形成了人口密度分界线的西北一东南走向,绝大多数人口高密度县份集中在此线以东以北的一个带状区域。1935年的人口密度显示这一格局仍然持续,但陇海线、平汉线两大铁路沿线的县份人口密度有较明显增长。到1953年,全省人口密度的空间格局有了较大变化,区域中心城市的人口密度有明显增长,抗日战争时期花园口决堤形成的黄泛区对沿线人口密度有相当程度的负面影响,而且这一后果持续了相当长的时间。总体而言,1916-1953年人口增长最显著的地区主要是各新老城镇中心。沿平汉、陇海铁路的新城镇中心(即人口聚集区)不断涌现,沿平汉、陇海铁路的老城镇中心也能保持其原有的地位,而远离两大干线的老城镇中心相对衰落,此外一些矿山地区也开始兴起,人口显著增长。现代河南城市体系格局,在民国时期已现雏形。 对各地人口增长率的研究显示：1916-1935年间,全省人口增长了12.3%,年均增长率6.1‰。1935-1953年间,全省人口增长了22.9%,年均增长率11.5‰。综观1916-1953年间,全省人口增长了38.0%,年均增长率8.7‰。1916-1935年间人口增长最显著的县份基本集中在平汉、陇海两条铁路以及淮河沿线,然而连年的战争、灾害和匪患,导致该时段人口增长受到负面影响。1935-1953年间人口增长率普遍较高,只有豫北、豫西及豫中地区增长率明显偏低,这些地区是抗战时期受战争蹂躏最多的地区,这一时期人口增长的空间格局呈现出不平衡状态。 对于婚姻、生育和家庭的研究显示：民国时期河南省的婚育模式是一种典型的早婚早育和普遍结婚的模式。但不同时间、不同地点的有偶率却有相当的差异,这主要是受到人口性别一年龄结构不同的影响。对历年出生率的考察显示,从1912年到1935年出生率的登记都严重偏低,发生了普遍的漏报。对分县户均口数的分析表明,西北部地区和区域中心城市的户的规模都较大。前者是因为早婚导致早育,后者则是由于城市具有更高的生活水平和医疗卫生条件导致人均寿命增加,进而导致户和家庭的规模增大。 现代医疗卫生体系逐渐建立起来,三十年代省会开封已经拥有了较好的医疗设施,县级医院也开始设立,农村简易医疗计划开始实施。1916年河南省人口死因中八种传染病为最大死因,1935年霍乱、天花、伤寒、白喉、斑疹、伤寒的发病率都在下降,1941年开封市民死因中,八种传染病已经不占首位,说明现代医疗体系在降低传染病造成的死亡方面初见成效。 民国时期的职业分类标准不一,但务农是河南人口的主要职业,一直都占80%以上,矿业,主要是煤矿作为新兴产业,逐渐繁荣起来,从业人数日渐增加,同时棉纺织业也逐渐兴旺起来,在民国时期有了较大的发展。与此同时人口素质有了一定的提高,初级教育有了一定的发展,1930年代开封以西以北地区识字率较高,以东以南地区识字率较低。总的说来,河南省的中小学入学率在全国处于中上水平。 民国时期,伊斯兰教仍是河南第一大宗教,而基督教有较快的发展,教堂主要设在商丘和郑县地区。教会医院是当时医疗体系的重要组成部分,从1912年至1935年,教会医院和教会学校都以较快速度增长,教会医院集中分布在河南省北部和其他中心城市,教会学校在全省分布比较均匀,其存在对本省的医疗卫生和教育起到了积极的作用。 民国年间,由于频繁的自然灾害和兵祸匪患,河南人口面对灾难流亡他乡移民就食成为一种无奈的选择。建立于民国初年的官方救灾体系以及民间慈善机构积极开展工作,在局部灾荒面前,可以组织起有效的省内移民就食,在全省性的灾荒和战争面前,大量的难民迁移省外,范围遍及十余省。现代交通和通讯体系的发展,对难民的迁移和救济起到了积极的作用。
[Abstract]:This paper is a research paper on the regional population history. The main research object is the population problem of Henan Province in modern times. The time range is from 1912 (the first year of the Republic of China) to 1953.
On the basis of a thorough study of the demographic system of Henan Province in the period of the Republic of China, this paper focuses on the analysis of the demographic data of Henan Province in various years during the period of the Republic of China and makes a comparative study by using various methods. It is determined that the data quality of Henan Province in 1916 and 1935 is relatively good and can be used for research, while the quality of the 1953 census is relatively good. This paper chooses 1916,1935,1953 as the standard year for the study, and takes these three years as the benchmark to inspect the law of population change in Henan Province during the period of the Republic of China. A zoning study is carried out to reveal population changes in different regions.
The analysis of entrance density shows that the population density of mountainous areas in Henan Province was obviously lower than that of plain areas in 1916, forming a northwest-southeast trend of the demarcation line of population density. Most of the counties with high population density concentrated in a belt area east to north of the line. The population density in 1935 showed that the pattern was still persistent, but the Longhai Line was flat. The population density of the counties along the two major railways on the Han Railway increased markedly. By 1953, the spatial pattern of population density in the whole province had changed greatly. The population density of the central cities in the region had increased markedly. The Yellow River flooding area formed by the break of the dyke at the Huayuankou during the Anti-Japanese War had a considerable negative impact on the population density along the railway. Generally speaking, the most remarkable areas of population growth in 1916-1953 were the old and new town centers. Along the Pinghuan and Han Dynasties, new town centers along the Longhai Railway (i.e. densely populated areas) sprang up. Along the Pinghuan and Han Dynasties, the old town centers along the Longhai Railway also maintained their original status and were far away from the old town centers along the two main lines. Relative decline, in addition to some mining areas have begun to rise, the population has increased significantly. Modern Henan urban system pattern, in the Republic of China period has taken shape.
The study of population growth rate shows that the population of the whole province increased by 12.3% from 1916 to 1935, and the average annual growth rate was 6.1.From 1935 to 1953, the population of the whole province increased by 22.9% and the average annual growth rate was 11.5. In the middle of the Han Dynasty, the Longhai Railway and the Huaihe River, however, years of war, disasters and banditry, resulting in a negative impact on population growth during this period. 1935-1953, the population growth rate was generally higher, only in northern Henan, western Henan and central Henan, the growth rate was significantly lower, these areas were the most war-ravaged areas during the War of Resistance. The spatial pattern of population growth showed an unbalanced state.
Studies on marriage, fertility and family show that the pattern of marriage and childbearing in Henan Province during the Republic of China was a typical pattern of early marriage and early childbirth and universal marriage. However, there were considerable differences in the couple rate between different places at different times, mainly due to the different sex and age structure of the population. The birthrate registrations from 12 to 1935 were severely low, with widespread underreporting. The analysis of the average household size in the counties showed that the households in the northwest region and the regional central cities were large. The former was due to early marriage leading to early childbearing, while the latter was due to higher living standards and medical and health conditions in the cities leading to an increase in life expectancy. In addition, the scale of households and households will increase.
Modern medical and health systems have been gradually established. In the 1930s, Kaifeng, the provincial capital, had better medical facilities. County hospitals were also set up. The rural simple medical plan was implemented. Eight infectious diseases were the biggest causes of death in Henan Province in 1916. The incidence of cholera, smallpox, typhoid fever, diphtheria, macula and typhoid fever were all in 1935. In 1941, eight infectious diseases were no longer the leading cause of death in Kaifeng, indicating that the modern medical system had achieved initial results in reducing the mortality caused by infectious diseases.
During the period of the Republic of China, the occupational classification standards were different, but farming was the main occupation of the population in Henan Province, accounting for more than 80%. Mining industry, mainly coal mine, as a new industry, gradually flourished and the number of employees increased. At the same time, the cotton textile industry gradually flourished and had a greater development in the period of the Republic of China. In the 1930s, the literacy rate was higher in the area north of Kaifeng and lower in the area south of Kaifeng. Generally speaking, the enrollment rate of primary and secondary schools in Henan Province was in the middle and upper level in the country.
During the period of the Republic of China, Islam was still the largest religion in Henan Province, and Christianity developed rapidly. Churches were mainly located in Shangqiu and Zhengxian counties. Church hospitals were an important part of the medical system at that time. From 1912 to 1935, church hospitals and church schools grew rapidly. Church hospitals were concentrated in the northern part of Henan Province and in the northern part of Henan Province. In other central cities, church schools are fairly evenly distributed throughout the province, and their existence has played a positive role in health care and education in the province.
During the Republic of China, due to frequent natural disasters and military disasters, the people of Henan Province had no choice but to eat when facing disasters and emigrants from other places. In the face of famine and war, a large number of refugees migrated to other provinces, covering more than ten provinces. The development of modern transportation and communication systems has played a positive role in the migration and relief of refugees.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：C924.2
[Abstract]:This paper is a research paper on the regional population history. The main research object is the population problem of Henan Province in modern times. The time range is from 1912 (the first year of the Republic of China) to 1953.
On the basis of a thorough study of the demographic system of Henan Province in the period of the Republic of China, this paper focuses on the analysis of the demographic data of Henan Province in various years during the period of the Republic of China and makes a comparative study by using various methods. It is determined that the data quality of Henan Province in 1916 and 1935 is relatively good and can be used for research, while the quality of the 1953 census is relatively good. This paper chooses 1916,1935,1953 as the standard year for the study, and takes these three years as the benchmark to inspect the law of population change in Henan Province during the period of the Republic of China. A zoning study is carried out to reveal population changes in different regions.
The analysis of entrance density shows that the population density of mountainous areas in Henan Province was obviously lower than that of plain areas in 1916, forming a northwest-southeast trend of the demarcation line of population density. Most of the counties with high population density concentrated in a belt area east to north of the line. The population density in 1935 showed that the pattern was still persistent, but the Longhai Line was flat. The population density of the counties along the two major railways on the Han Railway increased markedly. By 1953, the spatial pattern of population density in the whole province had changed greatly. The population density of the central cities in the region had increased markedly. The Yellow River flooding area formed by the break of the dyke at the Huayuankou during the Anti-Japanese War had a considerable negative impact on the population density along the railway. Generally speaking, the most remarkable areas of population growth in 1916-1953 were the old and new town centers. Along the Pinghuan and Han Dynasties, new town centers along the Longhai Railway (i.e. densely populated areas) sprang up. Along the Pinghuan and Han Dynasties, the old town centers along the Longhai Railway also maintained their original status and were far away from the old town centers along the two main lines. Relative decline, in addition to some mining areas have begun to rise, the population has increased significantly. Modern Henan urban system pattern, in the Republic of China period has taken shape.
The study of population growth rate shows that the population of the whole province increased by 12.3% from 1916 to 1935, and the average annual growth rate was 6.1.From 1935 to 1953, the population of the whole province increased by 22.9% and the average annual growth rate was 11.5. In the middle of the Han Dynasty, the Longhai Railway and the Huaihe River, however, years of war, disasters and banditry, resulting in a negative impact on population growth during this period. 1935-1953, the population growth rate was generally higher, only in northern Henan, western Henan and central Henan, the growth rate was significantly lower, these areas were the most war-ravaged areas during the War of Resistance. The spatial pattern of population growth showed an unbalanced state.
Studies on marriage, fertility and family show that the pattern of marriage and childbearing in Henan Province during the Republic of China was a typical pattern of early marriage and early childbirth and universal marriage. However, there were considerable differences in the couple rate between different places at different times, mainly due to the different sex and age structure of the population. The birthrate registrations from 12 to 1935 were severely low, with widespread underreporting. The analysis of the average household size in the counties showed that the households in the northwest region and the regional central cities were large. The former was due to early marriage leading to early childbearing, while the latter was due to higher living standards and medical and health conditions in the cities leading to an increase in life expectancy. In addition, the scale of households and households will increase.
Modern medical and health systems have been gradually established. In the 1930s, Kaifeng, the provincial capital, had better medical facilities. County hospitals were also set up. The rural simple medical plan was implemented. Eight infectious diseases were the biggest causes of death in Henan Province in 1916. The incidence of cholera, smallpox, typhoid fever, diphtheria, macula and typhoid fever were all in 1935. In 1941, eight infectious diseases were no longer the leading cause of death in Kaifeng, indicating that the modern medical system had achieved initial results in reducing the mortality caused by infectious diseases.
During the period of the Republic of China, the occupational classification standards were different, but farming was the main occupation of the population in Henan Province, accounting for more than 80%. Mining industry, mainly coal mine, as a new industry, gradually flourished and the number of employees increased. At the same time, the cotton textile industry gradually flourished and had a greater development in the period of the Republic of China. In the 1930s, the literacy rate was higher in the area north of Kaifeng and lower in the area south of Kaifeng. Generally speaking, the enrollment rate of primary and secondary schools in Henan Province was in the middle and upper level in the country.
During the period of the Republic of China, Islam was still the largest religion in Henan Province, and Christianity developed rapidly. Churches were mainly located in Shangqiu and Zhengxian counties. Church hospitals were an important part of the medical system at that time. From 1912 to 1935, church hospitals and church schools grew rapidly. Church hospitals were concentrated in the northern part of Henan Province and in the northern part of Henan Province. In other central cities, church schools are fairly evenly distributed throughout the province, and their existence has played a positive role in health care and education in the province.
During the Republic of China, due to frequent natural disasters and military disasters, the people of Henan Province had no choice but to eat when facing disasters and emigrants from other places. In the face of famine and war, a large number of refugees migrated to other provinces, covering more than ten provinces. The development of modern transportation and communication systems has played a positive role in the migration and relief of refugees.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：C924.2
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