20世纪60年代初浙江省精简城镇人口问题研究

发布时间：2019-05-05 19:27

【摘要】：在20世纪60年代初国民经济调整过程中,精简城镇人口是一项重要的政策和措施。本文以浙江省档案馆所藏档案为基础,结合调查访谈所获资料,对浙江省精简城镇人口的背景、过程、结果,以及历史遗留问题等进行分析探讨。中华人民共和国成立后,中国共产党选择了优先发展重工业的工业化道路。“第一个五年计划”的实施,打下了国家工业化的初步基础。但是,随后的“大跃进”运动却导致国民经济和人民生活出现严重的困难。激进的工业化不仅使经济结构严重失调,也使短期内城镇人口出现了非正常的膨胀,国家财政和市场供应压力巨大。解决困难的办法,就是对国民经济进行全面的调整,其中一项重要的举措,就是精简城镇人口。精简城镇人口是一项全国性的工作。浙江省在精简工作中,无论是城镇人口减少的绝对数,还是城镇人口在总人口中比重的下降率,在全国各省份中都处于中上水平。历时三年多的精简工作,涉及到浙江全省各地区各部门。从地区情况看,除台州地区本身人口较少外,其他几个地区被精简的城镇人口分布较为均匀。从各部门情况看,由于相互间部门特性的差异,被精简的人口数和构成也各不相同。关于浙江省被精简的人口数,由于统计口径等原因,档案资料中出现了不同的数据。综合考实,全省被精简城镇人口数应为92.3万人,这部分人口的构成则相当复杂。安置是精简工作的一个重要环节。安置政策的落实,直接关系到精简工作的整体进展以及整项工作的实效。为此,从中央到地方都制定了一系列具体的安置政策和措施。就安置的政策和措施本身而言,兼顾到了精简时以及精简后的各个环节,较为完善。然而,这一系列安置政策和措施在实施的过程中,却呈现出复杂而多样的特点,乃至遗留了许多历史问题,久悬而不能彻底解决。精简工作造成了三个层面的不同结果。就政策层面而言,精简工作达到了预期的目标,取得了成功。就社会层面而言,大量人员离开城镇,进入农村,给城镇、农村以及整个社会造成了多方面的冲击。就个体层面而言,精简改变了全国两千多万人、几百万个家庭的生存状态和历史命运。尽管从1965年开始,从中央到地方都制定了政策,对部分被精简人员进行救助,但由于救助的水平较低,且只涉及到少部分被精简人员,因此这些救助政策并未真正改善被精简人员的生活境况。时至今日,当年的被精简者由于在精简中失去了工作,同时失去了相应的社会保障等,以至生活普遍困难,个人养老及家庭子女问题突出。精简城镇人口,是一次“政治主导”下的人口“逆迁徙”。这项工作之所以能在政策层面取得成功,是执政党的社会动员,国家体制、城乡差异以及民众的社会心理等多种因素共同作用的结果。
[Abstract]:In the process of national economic adjustment in the early 1960s, streamlining the urban population is an important policy and measure. Based on the archives collected in Zhejiang Province Archives, this paper analyzes and discusses the background, process, results and historical problems of streamlining the urban population in Zhejiang Province based on the data obtained from the investigation and interview. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the Communist Party of China chose to give priority to the development of heavy industry industrialization. The implementation of the first five-year Plan laid the initial foundation for national industrialization. However, the following "Great Leap forward" movement led to serious difficulties in the national economy and people's lives. Radical industrialization not only caused serious imbalance of economic structure, but also caused abnormal expansion of urban population in a short period of time, and the national finance and market supply pressure was enormous. The way to solve the difficulties is to adjust the national economy in an all-round way, one of the important measures is to streamline the urban population. Streamlining the urban population is a national job. In the streamlining work in Zhejiang Province, both the absolute number of urban population reduction and the decline rate of the proportion of urban population in the total population are at the middle and upper level in every province of the country. More than three years of streamlining work, involving all regions and departments of Zhejiang Province. From the point of view of the regional situation, except for Taizhou area itself, the population distribution of the cities and towns which have been reduced is more uniform than that of Taizhou area itself. According to the situation of each department, the number and composition of the streamlined population are different due to the differences in the characteristics of each other. There are different data in the archives of Zhejiang province because of the statistical caliber and so on. Comprehensive research shows that the reduced urban population of the province should be 923000, and the composition of this part of the population is quite complex. Placement is an important link in streamlining work. The implementation of the resettlement policy is directly related to the overall progress of streamlining and the effectiveness of the overall work. To this end, from the central to local governments have formulated a series of specific resettlement policies and measures. As far as rehousing policies and measures themselves are concerned, it takes into account the various aspects of streamlining and streamlining, which are more perfect. However, this series of resettlement policies and measures in the process of implementation, but presents complex and diverse characteristics, and even left a lot of historical problems, long suspended and can not be thoroughly resolved. Streamlining has resulted in different results at three levels. At the policy level, streamlining achieved the desired goals and achieved success. At the social level, a large number of people leave the town and enter the countryside, causing many impacts to the town, the countryside and the whole society. At the individual level, simplification has changed the state of existence and historical destiny of more than 20 million people and millions of families across the country. Although since 1965, policies have been put in place from the central to the local level to provide relief to some of the streamlined personnel, because of the low level of assistance, and only a few of them have been reduced, As a result, these aid policies have not really improved the living conditions of the streamlined. To this day, the simplified people lost their jobs in the process of streamlining and lost their corresponding social security, as well as the common difficulties in their lives. The problems of individual pension and family children are prominent. Streamlining the urban population is a "reverse migration" of the population under "political leadership". The success of this work at the policy level is the result of the social mobilization of the ruling party, the system of the state, the differences between urban and rural areas and the social psychology of the people.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K27;C924.2

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