古希腊历史解释中的命运观

发布时间：2018-05-19 10:10

本文选题：荷马 + 希罗多德　；参考：《东北师范大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：在古希腊的历史书写中,“命运”占据重要地位。本文以《荷马史诗》、希罗多德的《历史》以及修昔底德的《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》为文本,探讨命运何以作用于史家书写历史中。本文从命运与自然环境、战争以及人事三个面向出发,比较历史意识在古希腊三位史家中的觉醒。在命运与自然环境的关系上,《荷马史诗》中命运以“鸟兆”为使,希罗多德则更多借助梦兆、风雨雷电、动物怪状等自然异象。在修昔底德笔下,自然现象和命运之间的对应关系则遭到彻底的解构。关于命运对战争过程和结果的影响,荷马认为神意注定胜败生死于阵前。希罗多德则经由对于神谕解释过程中的不轨和随意描述,表达了自己对于“命运”的怀疑。修昔底德则在继承希罗多德书写方式的基础上,进一步反讽“神命”,同时将命运转义为“偶然”。关于命运对人事的左右,荷马史诗将“死亡”置于命运的中心,并将宙斯赋予命运最终裁定者地位。希罗多德和修昔底德则将“命运”的内涵与“道德”和“理性”相连,从而赋予“命运”以人文主义色彩。通观三者,在对于“命运”及其转义保持着基本肯定的态度的同时,也呈现出逐步否定“命运”中神秘色彩的趋势。这种二元性,彰显了将“人”及其能动性置于时代变迁中央的古希腊“历史意识”的觉醒。
[Abstract]:Destiny occupies an important position in the historical writing of ancient Greece. Based on Homer Epic, Herodotus History and Thucydides War History of Peloponnezza, this paper discusses how fate plays an important role in the history of historians. This paper compares the awakening of historical consciousness among the three historians of ancient Greece from the aspects of fate and natural environment, war and personnel. In the relationship between fate and natural environment, in Homer Epic, fate is made by "Bird's sign", and Herodotus relies more on natural vision such as dream omen, wind, rain, thunder and lightning, animal strange shape and so on. In Thucydides' writings, the relationship between natural phenomena and fate was thoroughly deconstructed. As for fate's influence on the course and outcome of the war, Homer believes that God is doomed to victory and defeat. Herodotus expresses his doubts about fate by dishonesty and random description of the oracle. Thucydides, on the basis of inheriting Herodotus' writing style, further satirizes the "divine destiny" and renounces fate as "chance". The Homer epic puts death at the center of fate and gives Zeus the status of final determinant of fate. Herodotus and Thucydides connected the connotation of "fate" with "morality" and "reason", thus endowing "fate" with humanism. While maintaining a basic positive attitude towards "fate" and its escape, the three aspects also show a tendency of gradually negating the mysterious color of "fate". This duality reveals the awakening of ancient Greek "historical consciousness", which places "man" and its initiative at the center of the change of the times.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K095.45

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