非洲萨赫勒地区的武装冲突:国际社会面临的一个挑战
发布时间:2017-08-19 08:20
本文关键词:非洲萨赫勒地区的武装冲突:国际社会面临的一个挑战
更多相关文章: 萨赫勒 武装集团 冲突系统 恐怖主义 走私贩卖 叛乱
【摘要】:马里北部和萨赫勒地区的冲突正变得越来越复杂。尽管该地区曾经被视作贸易重镇,但是现在该地区诸如贩毒,西非和北非向欧洲的武器贩运和非法移民。由于该地区地域广袤,动荡不安,没有一个萨赫勒地区的国家能够完全控制其领土。这种态势使得该地区成为了法律的真空区,缺乏足够的安全武装力量,因此该地区对于恐怖分子具有极大的吸引力。受益于2012年马里图阿格雷部落发起的抗议活动和利比亚危机,伊斯兰马格里布地区的基地组织和它的恐怖主义分支得以在萨赫勒地区尤其是马里北部避难,并进行非法走私,贩卖人口活动。近年来,伊斯兰马格里布地区的基地组织不仅在北非,而且在萨赫勒以及西部非洲散播。所有的这些武装集团从安全、经济、社会和环境方面对于该地区的可持续发展构成了极大的威胁。尽管法国和国际军事干预使得马里得以重新保持领土完整,并缩小了恐怖分子和极端组织在马里北部自由活动的空间,马里得到了一定的发展,但是萨赫勒—撒哈拉地带仍然是深受(尤其是政府无法控制的武装集团发起的)潜在武装冲突和武装攻击爆发的影响。尽管在地区和国家层次中有着具体的语境,这些因素以及这些不稳定的来源是潜在的相互依存的动力,共同成为了一个真正的具有地区、国家、次区域、区域以及国际影响的“冲突系统”。军队和文职专家提供的该地区的现有的武装集团的相关数据对于本文来说是一个重要的补充。本文旨在研究萨赫勒地区安全挑战的主要的内因和外因,探索在马里北部地区混乱的内部因素和外部因素,为整个地区的安全与地区发展提供新的视角。这些事迹表格简明扼要描述了控制了萨赫勒地区尤其是马里北部地区的活跃的武装集团(伊斯兰卫士、伊斯兰马格里布地区的基地组织、博科圣地、以及武装分裂集团,如MNLA HCUA、MAA等、亲政府组织GATIA……)的历史和思想的基础、目标、运行模式以及运行程序。为了避免对于萨赫勒地区的误解,本文将地理和地缘战略轮廓意义上的萨赫勒定义为该地区的非洲联盟。可以将该地区划分为两大部分。第一部分是地理范围的划分,萨赫勒—撒哈拉地区包括所有位于萨赫勒地带,北非和撒哈拉以南非洲之间的国家:阿尔及利亚、布基纳法索、乍得、利比亚、马里、毛里塔尼亚、尼日尔以及苏丹。第二部分是指非萨赫勒地区但值得特别关注的国家:科特迪瓦、几内亚、几内亚比绍、尼日利亚和塞内加尔,这些国家都为西非国家。
【关键词】:萨赫勒 武装集团 冲突系统 恐怖主义 走私贩卖 叛乱
【学位授予单位】:华中师范大学
【学位级别】:博士
【学位授予年份】:2016
【分类号】:D815
【目录】:
- Abstract6-8
- 摘要8-9
- List of Acronyms and Abbreviations9-12
- Acknowledgements12-17
- Introduction17-28
- CHAPTER Ⅰ:Background and forms of activities causing armed conflicts in the Sabel area28-46
- 1.1. Background28-34
- 1.1.1. Case of Mali28-29
- 1.1.2. Tuareg issue29-32
- 1.1.3. Sahel Issue32-34
- 1.2. Forms and main activities causing armed conflict in the Sahel34-46
- 1.2.1. Drug trafficking35-38
- 1.2.2. Arms trafficking38-42
- 1.2.3. Terrorism42-44
- 1.2.4. Human trafficking44-46
- CHAPTER Ⅱ:Tuareg rebellion46-82
- 2.1. Sources of Tuareg rebellion49-60
- 2.1.1. Tuareg rebellion,the result of colonial heritage:Resistance to Independance50-52
- 2.1.2. Tuareg rebellion,crystallized by Imperialist factors52-55
- 2.1.3. Culture Political and civic culture55-57
- 2.1.4. Motivation of Tuareg Rebellion57-58
- 2.1.5. Avoid amalgam58-60
- 2.2. Historical approach and analysis of Post-Independence Tuareg rebellion60-73
- 2.2.1. First Tuareg rebellion:196360-61
- 2.2.2. Second rebellion in Niger and Mali in 1990s61-62
- 2.2.3. The third rebellion:200662-63
- 2.2.4. Tuareg Rebellion in 2012 in Mali63-73
- 2.2.4.1. Beginning of MNLA offensive64-65
- 2.2.4.2. The growing power of MNLA65-66
- 2.2.4.3. The Libyan factor:Gaddafi and northern Mali-Niger66-67
- 2.2.4.4. The collapse of Gaddafi's regime67-69
- 2.2.4.5. Fusion of armed groups in the Sahel69-73
- 2.3. Main armed groups in northern Mali73-78
- 2.3.1. ANSAR Eddine73-74
- 2.3.2. Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa(MUJAO)74-75
- 2.3.3. High Council for the Unity of Azawad(Hcua)75-76
- 2.3.4. Pro-government groups:GATIA76-77
- 2.3.5. ARAB MOVEMENT OF AZAWAD(MAA)77-78
- 2.4. Actors and fighters of rebellions and armed groups78-80
- 2.5. The forward into rebellion80-82
- 2.5.1. Organization of rebellions80-81
- 2.5.2. The logistics81-82
- CHAPTER Ⅲ:Impacts of armed conflicts in the Sahel82-88
- 3.1. Political impact82-83
- 3.2. Environmental impact83-84
- 3.3. Impact on social life84-85
- 3.4. Cultural impact85-86
- 3.5. Impact on governance86-87
- 3.6. Economic impact87-88
- CHAPTER Ⅳ:French intervention in Mali and its impact on the Sahel88-97
- 4.1. French Offensive and the liberation of Mali88-92
- 4.2. The impact of the French intervention in the security situation in Mali92-93
- 4.3. New face of France and Malian humiliation93-95
- 4.4. The Weakness of Malian state or the reason of the strongest95-97
- 4.4.1. The MNLA,a pariah ally with bloodstained hands96-97
- CHAPTER Ⅴ:Causes of armed conflicts in the Sahel97-115
- 5.1. Political factors99-100
- 5.2. Economic factor100
- 5.3. Military factors100-101
- 5.4. Environmental factors101-102
- 5.5. Sociocultural factors102-103
- 5.6. Socioeconomic factors103-104
- 5.7. Religious factors104
- 5.8. Local and regional factors104-108
- 5.9. Imperialist factor108-115
- CHAPTER Ⅵ:Peacekeeping and security-development115-124
- 6.1. National initiatives115-116
- 6.1.1. Malian level115
- 6.1.2. Niger initiatives115-116
- 6.2. Sub-regional initiatives116-119
- 6.2.1. G5 Sabel117-119
- 6.3. Regional initiatives119-122
- 6.3.1. ECOWAS120
- 6.3.2. Approach of the European Union120-122
- 6.4. United Nations122-124
- Chapter Ⅶ:The reconstruction of damaged areas after-conflicts124-133
- 7.1. The reconstruction process by the African Union:AU/NEPAD Program124-126
- 7.2. The United Nations-reconstruction process126-127
- 7.3. What is it to build exactly?127-133
- 7.3.1. How to rebuild the state?128-129
- 7.3.2. Who rebuild the state?129
- 7.3.3. Fragmented or poisoned help?129-133
- CHAPTER Ⅷ:Suggestions133-146
- 8.1. International and multilateral level134-135
- 8.2. Regional and Sub regional level135-138
- 8.3. National level:this concerns Mali as well as Niger138-143
- 8.3.1. Peace and National reconciliation139-140
- 8.3.2. Security and Development140-143
- 8.4. Special Warning addressed to G5 Sahel (Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania and Niger)143-146
- CONCLUSION146-149
- MAPS149-154
- REFERENCES154-174
- BIBLIOGRAPHY174-181
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