道真仡佬族傩文化传承传播的现实困境及其突围路径

发布时间：2018-03-03 23:38

本文选题：道真仡佬族　切入点：傩文化　出处：《陕西师范大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：道真仡佬族傩文化根基深厚、结构完整、载体丰富、形式多样、内涵独特,文化意蕴十分丰厚。道真傩戏具有强烈的原始宗教特点以及明显的巫术性质,长期发挥适应民间愿求的实用功能和社会教化功能,蕴含着十分丰富的艺术审美价值,是承载民族身份认同感的文化记忆的重要标志。历史上,封闭自在的自然地理环境和文化交流环境成为生于斯长于斯的道真仡佬傩文化生存、传承传播的独特土壤。当下,伴随经济社会的发展、交往的扩大和教育的普及,异质文化如决堤之水般涌入,道真仡佬傩文化长期赖以存在的封闭传播环境正在被打破,其传承传播亦陷入困境。道真仡佬族傩文化的传承传播困境,首先根源于深刻的时代更替与社会变迁。经济社会发展在很大程度上甚至从根本上解构了傩师与愿主的“文化共同体”。大众传媒骤然统摄傩文化的整个场域,涤荡着后者赖以生存的固有文化语境,以致傩文化在接受的层面失去了原有的艺术魅力；傩文化本身在媒介环境中被碎片化展现、被奇观化塑造、被文学性表达,以致傩文化正在媒介拟态环境中被重塑,构成与现实中的巫傩传统完全不同的两个概念世界。在新的媒介环境中,傩文化传承主体特别是傩法师仍然固守着传统的传承传播方式,他们面对现代传播媒介非但乏力而且犹疑,日益被“边缘化”,饱尝“失语”之痛。道真仡佬族傩文化的传承传播困境,其次根源于其文化本体实现现代转型的艰难。巫术性和艺术性是道真傩文化水乳交融的两大支柱。但是,在现代社会中,道真傩戏随着场域的不同呈现出功能与形式完全不同的舞台傩戏与乡土傩戏两种样貌,傩文化原本密不可分的巫术性与艺术性开始分离,舞台傩戏正试图逐步抛弃傩作为巫术功用的一切特征几乎只剩下了“戏”,而乡土傩仪日益剥蚀傩的艺术审美特质几乎只剩下了“祭”,其文化本体创新与现代转型举步维艰。道真仡佬族傩文化的传承传播困境,还根源于其传承传播主体的拘囿。保护傩戏,最重要的不是保护戏,而是保护人。傩师特别是掌坛法师是傩文化的主要承载者,是傩文化存在和传承传播过程与机制中最关键的核心主体,但其昔日荣耀已在现实中失落,他们的文化地位急剧下降,失去了以往的话语权与影响力,不但经济窘迫生计困难,而且队伍离散后继乏人。相应地,作为傩文化存在与发展最直接群众基础的愿主群体逐步式微,加之一般民众文化需求日益呈现多元化趋势,大大挤压了傩文化生存发展的空间,傩文化越来越少地出现在人们的日常生活之中,整个文化群落正在缩减,面临断代的危险。面对这样的传播传承困境,道真仡佬族傩文化的“活力”如何、前景怎样?事实上,道真仡佬族傩文化正在应变过程中酝酿着或自发或自觉的文化重构,其多元信仰的开放性、傩戏程式处理的灵活性,为傩文化创新与现代转型提供了可能。在精神信仰方面,傩文化具备值得尊重和继承的精神内涵,即导人向善的价值取向和道德约束力。在艺术价值方面,道真傩戏也正努力朝着增强叙事能力和艺术观赏性的方向创新。同时,道真仡佬族傩文化的传承主体在各方保护主体的助力之下正在探寻走出困境的突破口。傩戏传习所体现傩文化传承人的文化地位,是传承人自主传承和创新活动的合法性标志；傩戏艺术团蕴含着打破原有文化格局的力量,革新了道真傩坛散居性和封闭性的传统；政府和学者也正努力在非物质文化遗产保护框架下为傩文化的传承传播和发展搭建平台。毫无疑问,保护和发展道真仡佬族傩文化,使之重新焕发发展活力,是一项错综复杂的系统工程,可谓任重而道远。但是,经过各方长期不懈的努力,让古老的道真仡佬傩文化真正走出传承传播困境,并发展出理念科学、理性文明、雅俗共赏的现代傩戏,我们有充分的理由抱以期待。
[Abstract]:Daozhen yilao and Nuo culture deep, structural integrity, carrier forms, content rich, unique cultural connotation is very rich. It really has strong characteristics of Nuo of primitive religion and witchcraft obviously, long-term play to adapt folk may seek a practical function and social function of education, rich aesthetic value of art. Is an important symbol of cultural memory carrying ethnic identity. In history, the natural geographical environment and cultural exchange closed free environment to be born in the way of Daozhen Nuo culture survival, unique heritage soil spread. At present, with the development of economy and society, the popularity of the extension of communication and education, culture as the water poured into the breaching of the dike, closed communication environment exist really Gelao Nuo culture rely on long-term is being broken, the transmission also in trouble.
Tao really Gelao transmission dilemma of Nuo culture, based on the times change and social change. The profound economic and social development to a great extent even radically deconstructed the Nuo master and God's "cultural community". The whole field of mass media has control of Nuo culture, the survival of the natural flavor the cultural context, so that in an aspect of Nuo culture lost the original artistic charm; Nuo culture itself is fragmented show in the media environment, by shaping the spectacle, is the literary expression, that is Nuo culture media pseudo environment is remodeling, two concepts constitute a world with the reality of the wunuo tradition is completely different in the new media environment, especially the inheritance of culture is the mage Nuo Nuo still cling to the inheritance of the traditional mode of communication, they face the modern media not only has been weak and hesitate " The edge ", from" Aphasia "pain.
Tao really Gelao transmission dilemma of Nuo culture, secondly is rooted in its cultural ontology to realize the modern transformation difficult. Witchcraft and art are the two pillars of Daozhen Nuo culture harmony. However, in modern society, with the field of Road real Nuo opera show the different stage and the local function and form of Nuo Nuo two different kinds of appearance, witchcraft and art of Nuo culture was inseparable from the beginning, the stage is trying to gradually abandon the Nuo Nuo as all characteristics of witchcraft function almost only "play", and the art aesthetic characteristics of local Nuo Nuo is eroded almost only the "offering", the ontology of culture innovation with the modern transformation difficult.
Tao really Gelao transmission dilemma of Nuo culture, is rooted in the inheritance and dissemination of the main limitations. The protection of Nuo opera, the most important thing is not to protect the scene, but to protect the people. Especially the palm altar mage Nuo teacher is the main bearing of Nuo culture, Nuo culture and heritage is the key subject of communication process with the mechanism, but its former glory has been lost in reality, their cultural status declined sharply, lose power and influence in the past, not only in economic distress living difficulties, and the team of discrete Houjifaren. Accordingly, the Nuo culture the existence and development of the most direct mass base of the Lord groups gradually decline, coupled with the general cultural demand shows a trend of diversification, greatly squeezed the Nuo culture of the survival and development of space, Nuo culture increasingly appear in people's daily life, the cultural community is shrinking, face The danger of a broken generation.
In the face of such a predicament transmission, Daozhen yilao and Nuo culture "vitality" to prospect how? In fact, Daozhen yilao and Nuo culture is in the process of brewing strain or spontaneous or conscious of the cultural reconstruction, the multi faith openness, flexibility of Nuo opera program processing, provides the possibility for Nuo cultural innovation and modern transformation. In the spirit of faith, worthy of respect and inherit the spiritual connotation with Nuo culture, which guide people to perform good deeds of value orientation and moral binding. In artistic value, it really is trying to Nuo towards enhanced narrative ability and artistic direction of innovation. At the same time, the main transmission way really the Gelao Nuo culture under the protection of the main parties are seeking a breakthrough to help get out of the dilemma. The study of Nuo Nuo culture heritage cultural heritage status, is the inheritance and innovation of legal autonomy Mark; Nuo art group contains the original cultural pattern breaking strength, innovation of the road really scattered Nuo altar and closed the tradition; the government and scholars are trying to build a platform for the dissemination and development of Nuo culture heritage in the protection of intangible cultural heritage under the framework.
There is no doubt that the protection and development of Daozhen yilao and Nuo culture, to regain the vitality of development, is a perplexing system engineering, is a long way to go. But after all, long-term and unremitting efforts, let the ancient Tao Daozhen Nuo culture inheritance and dissemination of truly out of predicament, and the development of the concept of scientific and rational civilization the modern opera, tastes, we have good reason to hold to look forward to.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：G122

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