20世纪30年代世界经济萧条影响下的中资银行业研究

发布时间：2018-03-06 06:38

本文选题：大萧条　切入点：白银　出处：《南开大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：1929年发端于美国的经济危机迅速波及了世界各国，作为世界经济体系中的一部分，中国也未能避免1929年世界经济危机所带来的严重性后果。当时中国是一个以白银作为一国货币体系基础的国家，大萧条期间国际银价的剧烈波动严重破坏了中国的货币体系，并且动摇了中国的经济。在这一过程中，，作为最重要的现代金融机构—中资银行业，更是和货币供给直接相关，自然也不可避免地受到冲击。 1929-1931年，由于国际银价下跌，白银大量流入中国，银行存银激增，资本充裕，信贷扩张，中资银行业出现了繁荣的局面。1931年后随着世界各国相继放弃金本位、贬值本币来应对危机，国际银价上涨，白银开始外流，但由于农村经济的破产，农村和城市之间贸易的不平衡，白银从农村大量流向城市，城市中资银行业的白银储备量继续上涨，这虽然进一步加重了农村的萧条，但却在某种程度上缓和了银价上涨对中资银行业的不利影响。随着1934年美国“白银法案”的实施，国际银价进一步暴涨，大量白银流出中国，中国陷入了严重的通货紧缩之中，很多银行发生了白银挤兑现象，银行银根紧缩，资金极端匮乏，金融危机爆发。为了应对危机，政府、银行业同业组织和中资银行业自身都采取了相应的措施。面对陷入困境的中资银行业，政府通过一系列的改组措施以便为银行业注入资金，以缓解银行业的危机。为了从根本上克服危机，稳定金融，政府改革了中国的货币体系，控制通货。1935年的币制改革改变了中资银行业的发展情景，币制改革后，货币供应量稳步增加，中资银行业快速发展，但同时国民政府也收回了商业银行的纸币发行权，政府对银行业的控制加强了。同时，在国内工商业衰败的情形下，中资银行业也适时改变了自身的投资和放款。一方面，在高收益的刺激下，中资银行业将大量的资金投向政府债券和房地产，并从中获得了丰厚的利润；另一方面，尽管由于工业萧条的影响，银行的贷款一时无法收回，银行业受到了牵连和损失，但中资银行业还是加大了对企业尤其是工业企业的放款和投资，二者的联系加强了。在银行资金的支持下，大多数企业的经营状况开始好转，而银行在获得收益的同时，其自身的资金安全也获得了一定的保障。另外，在应对危机的过程中，银行业同业公会的作用也不可忽视，它一方面组织银行业积极进行自救，另一方面代表银行业寻求政府救济。银行业同业公会在挽救市面、应对经济萧条的过程中也做出了自己的努力，发挥了重大作用。大萧条对中资银行业的影响是深远的。大萧条过后，中资银行业的发展进入了一个新的阶段，在整个金融体系中取得了主导性的地位，但同时国家资本在全国中资银行业中也占据了绝对的支配地位，国家银行和金融垄断资本形成。大萧条时期中资银行应对萧条的措施及经验，值得我们学习和借鉴，这些或许能为当今中国经济的发展提供一些参考。
[Abstract]:Originated in the U.S. in 1929 economic crisis quickly spread all over the world, as a part of the world economic system, Chinese also failed to avoid serious consequences of the 1929 world economic crisis. At that time China is a silver as the foundation of a country's monetary system of the country, during the Great Depression volatility of the international price of silver severely damaged the China monetary system, and shaken the Chinese economy. In this process, as a modern financial institution - the most important Chinese funded banks, is directly related to the money supply, inevitably affected.
1929-1931 years, due to the decline in the price of silver, silver silver deposit inflows China, surge, capital adequacy, credit expansion, Chinese banking industry has presented the prosperous situation after.1931 years as countries around the world have abandoned the gold standard, devaluation of the currency to deal with the crisis, the international price of silver prices, silver began to drain, but because of the rural economy in bankruptcy, the trade imbalance between rural and city, silver from a large number of rural to city, Silver City reserves of Chinese funded banks continue to rise, although this further aggravated the rural depression, but to some extent eased the price of Silver Rose adverse effects on Chinese banking. With the implementation of the United States in 1934 "silver bill" further, the international price of silver prices, large amounts of silver outflow Chinese, China in serious deflation, the silver run phenomenon of many banks, bank credit tightening, The financial crisis broke out by the extreme scarcity of gold.
In order to cope with the crisis, the government, the banking industry organization and Chinese banking industry itself has taken appropriate measures. Facing the predicament of the Chinese banking sector, the government to inject liquidity into the banking industry through a series of restructuring measures to alleviate the crisis in the banking industry. In order to overcome the crisis, fundamentally stable finance, government reform. Chinese monetary system, the currency control in.1935 currency reform changed the development situation of Chinese funded banks, currency reform, money supply has increased steadily, the rapid development of Chinese banking industry, but also the national government also closed to commercial banks the right to issue paper money, government control of the banking industry to strengthen.
At the same time, in the domestic industry decline under the situation of Chinese banking industry also timely changed their investment and loan. On the one hand, in high yield under the stimulation of Chinese funded banks will be a large amount of money to invest in government bonds and real estate, and derive huge profits; on the other hand, although the impact of industrial depression, bank loans can not recover, the banking industry is involved in losses, but Chinese banks still increase the enterprise especially industrial enterprises lending and investment, strengthen the connection of the two. In the support of bank funds, most of the enterprises operating conditions started to improve, and the bank gains at the same time, its own security funds also received a certain protection. In addition, in response to the crisis, the role of the banking association can not be ignored, it is a banking organization actively carry out self-help, another On behalf of the banking sector, it seeks government relief. The banking guild has also made great efforts in saving the market and coping with the economic recession.
Effect of depression on Chinese banking industry is profound. After the great depression, the development of Chinese banking industry has entered a new stage, achieved a dominant position in the entire financial system, but also the national capital in the Chinese banking sector is also occupy a dominant position of absolute, state banks and financial the monopoly capital formation. The Great Depression banks deal with depression measures and experience, we should learn and use, these may provide some reference for the development of today's China economy.

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：F832.9;K26

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