经世致用与中国近代化的起步
本文关键词：经世致用与中国近代化的起步，，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。
经世致用与中国近代化的起步
经世致用与中国近代化的起步
“经世致用”是中国文化中理想政治的精义中一种外在的表现。在古老的中国由封建社会向着近代社会转变的时候,特定的时代条件和社会历史条件,使中国传统的思想文化和道德伦理观念,受到严峻的挑战和检验。在这个新的历史转折关头,传统的“经世致用”观念发挥了其固有的积极入世精神和务实风格,表现出其内在的生命活力,服膺“经世致用”的人们用自己的亲身阅历和实践,把认识中国和认识世界推向了一个新的历史阶段——中国近代化——一个伴随着西方资本主义侵略和世界近代化浪潮的冲击,中国人自己开始探索符合中国国情的社会发展道路的历史时代。这是一个很大的并且极其重要的课题,本文仅只就经世致用与中国近代化起步之间的关系,从一个侧面试作考察和浅析浅析。本文审视的目光放在一个特定的历史阶段——近代中国的开端,即19世纪40年代至60年代的中国社会内部的有关变化及与受西方冲击而回应之思想变化方面,而把视角和注意力对准林则徐、魏源、曾国藩、左宗棠四位经世致用典型人物。本文共分五个部分:第一部分,主要叙述经世致用观念的历史演变。作为一种传统文化,经世致用是指一种态度——对于国家政治与社会秩序的关怀和采取的行动。这种态度的强硬软弱程度,在不同的历史时期和不同的学派之间存在差异。这种态度在晚清一代特别是在19世纪后期以来表现得尤其突出。第二部分,主要考察和浅析浅析林则徐、魏源的经世致用及其历史影响。面临亘古未有的历史大变局,中国的经世派人物关注的焦点发生了重要变化——从中国社会内部不足转移到西方的“船坚炮利”;从边疆地区转向沿海一带。他们开始对陌生的外部世界的追求,决心走向自己的近代化。林则徐以他的政治影响和远见卓识,成为中国近代睁眼看世界的第一人,他以经世观念对于封建统治危机的看法和对外部世界的了解及其实践活动,对后世产生巨大影响。而继承其思想并加以具体化的魏源,则可谓近代变革维新思想的总设计师。他提出“师夷之长技以制夷”的主张,为中国人走自己的近代化道路指明了努力的方向。林、魏的经世思想中进发出的变易观和对外部世界的追求,是清中叶以来经世思潮的发展,同时,它又给经世思潮注入新的血液。但是,时代和阶级的局限,使他们的贡献主要是为中国近代化起步作了精神准备。这种精神准备,却是中国近代社会发展的思想前提之一。第三部分,主要考察和浅析浅析曾国藩、左宗棠的经世致用及其历史影响。经过太平天国运动的沉重打击和第二次鸦片战争的惨痛教训之后,经世派人物对当时的国情和世情有了较多的了解。如果说林、魏等人竭力提倡经世致用为中国近代化起步作了精神准备,即创造了认识的思想基础和内在因素的契入的话,那么,曾、左等人则在此基础上开始了中国近代化的实践。在现实的内外重压下,曾国藩改造了传统经学,他要学会通汉、宋之学,以程朱理学为根本,把义理之学与经世致用结合起来而用于匡世济民。曾国藩一生的事业,都是从经世之学而来的;一方面要维护传统,保守旧物,另一方面则又主张识时务,要革新,接受西方先进的科技文化的一部分,保守与革新,同时并存,这就是曾国藩经世思想主张及其实践活动的一个显著特点。左宗棠既是一个具有浓厚的爱国精神并重视传统农业的经世者,又是一个政治上的保守者,这两方面的因素使左宗棠在对西方认识上,无法向前迈进一步。但不可否认的是,他与曾国藩一样,是中国人向西方学习和探索中国近代化道路历程中一位相当重要的人物。第四部分,关于经世致用思想对于中国近代化的起步的作用方面进行了单独论述,从中国政治的近代化、中国经济的近代化、中国军事的近代化、中国教育的近代化四个方面对于四位经世致用代表人物所发挥的作用进行了各有侧重的做了介绍。第五部分,总结经世致用在中国近代化起步时所起着的历史作用——既推动又羁绊的双重作用。经世致用的实践观为中国近代化起步提供了思想认识基础,表现出中国传统文化中内在的生命力所蕴涵着的生机;但经世致用所显露的传统文化的变革极限,又决定了中国近代化步履维艰、曲折而漫长的历程。
【Abstract】 "Thought of Applying Theory to Reality" is external performance of the political ideal in the Chinese culture.During the modernization, the Chinese traditional thoughts and the moral ethics ideas received the stern challenge and the examination because of the changing of the specific time condition and the society historic condition. At the time of historical transition, the "Thought of Applying Theory to Reality" displayed positive spirit> practical style and intrinsic vigor. The people obeying "Thought of Applying Theory to Reality" pushed understanding Chinese and the world to one new historical stage of modernization with their experiences and practices, that was a time for Chinese to explore a path conforming to the Chinese national condition and social historical development with the aggression of west capitalism and the impact of modernization of the world.This is a big and extremely important topic, the article only analyze the relation of the very practical use and of the Chinese modernizing start, from a side test inspection and analysis. This article carefully examines the vision places a specific historical stage - - modern times China’s beginning, namely the 1840s to the 60s’s Chinese society interior’s related change and with the West is attacked thought of change aspect the response, but aims at the angle of view and the attention Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan, Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang four to govern the typical character of very practical use. this article is divided five parts:The first part, the main narration governs the idea historical evolution of very practical use. As one traditional culture, governs of very practical use is refers to one manner - - the motion which and adopts regarding the national politics and social order’s concern. This manner strong weak degree, between different historical period and different school of thought existence difference. Since this manner in has had clear one generation is specially displays especially in the late-19th century prominently.The second part, mainly inspects and analyzes Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan to govern of very practical use and the historical influence. faced with the unprecedented historical big change in situation, China governed sends the focal point which the character paid attention to have the radical change - - to shift from the Chinese society interior question to the West "Chuanjianbaoli"; Changes area the coast from the border area. They start to the strange outside world pursue, was determined that moves toward own modernizing. Lin Zexu by his political influence and the foresight and sagacity, becomes the Chinese modern times to open eyes looked that the world the first person, he by the broker idea regarding the feudal rule crisis’s view and to outside world’s understanding and practice, has the enormous influence to the later generation. But inherits Wei Yuan who its thought and performs the concrete application, then modern transformation reform thought chief design engineer. He proposed "teacher yi special skill by system yi" the position, took own modernizing path for the Chinese to indicate the direction diligently. The forest, Wei the change view which and to the outside world pursue governs in the thought to burst out, since has been the clear middle period governs the ideological trend development, simultaneously, it gives governs the ideological trend to pour into the new blood. But, the time and social class’s limitation, caused their contribution is mainly has made the spiritual preparation for the Chinese modernizing start. This spiritual preparation, is actually one of Chinese modern times social development thought premises.The third part, mainly inspects and analyzes Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang to govern of very practical use and the historical influence. after Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement serious attack and second Opium War’s deeply grieved lesson, governed sends the character had many understandings to national condition and the worldly affairs then. If forest, Wei et al. advocated by might and main governed has made the spiritual preparation of very practical use for the Chinese modernizing start, namely has created the understanding ideological foundation and the intrinsic factor agreement into words, that once, left et al. based on this started the Chinese modernizing practice. under reality inside and outside heavy pressure, Zeng Guofan transformed the traditional study, he wants to learn to pass the Chinese, the Song studying, take Cheng the Zhu Neo-Confucianism as the basis, and governs studying of the righteousness principle unifies of very practical use uses in Kuang Shiji the people. Zeng Guofan life the enterprise, is from governs studies comes; On the one hand must maintain the tradition, conservative things from a former age, on the other hand advocates understands what has to done, must innovate, accepts the Western advanced science and technology culture a part, keeps with the innovation, also coexists, this is Zeng Guofan governs the thought position and a practice outstanding feature.Zuo Zongtang is not only one has the strong patriotism and takes the traditional farming to govern, is also in a political conservative, these two aspect’s factor causes Zuo Zongtang, in knows to the West on, is unable to forge ahead one step. But what is undeniable, he is the same with Zeng Guofan, is the Chinese studies and explores in the Chinese modernizing path course to the West a quite important character..The fourth part, about governed the thought of very practical use to carry on alone the elaboration regarding the Chinese modernizing start function aspect, from Chinese politics’s modernizing, Chinese economy’s modernizing, Chinese military’s modernizing, China educated the modernizing four aspects the function which governed the representative personage of very practical use to display to carry on regarding four had the stress to make the introduction respectively.The fifth part, summarizes governs when Chinese modernizing start is playing the historical role - - both to promote and fetters’ dual function of very practical use.Governed the practice view of very practical use to provide the ideological recognition foundation for the Chinese modernizing start, displays in China traditional culture the intrinsic vitality was containing vitality; But governs the traditional culture transformation limit which of very practical use revealed that also had decided the Chinese modernizing walks with difficulty, winding and the long course.
【关键词】 经世致用； 中国近代化； 历史演变； 历史影响；【Key words】 Thought of Applying Theory to Reality； Modernization of China； Historical Evolvement； Historical Influence；
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本文关键词：经世致用与中国近代化的起步，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。
本文编号：161493
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