法国人视域下的清末变局与列强应变

发布时间：2018-03-15 12:18

本文选题：法国　切入点：清末　出处：《浙江大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：清末十余年间,各种社会矛盾错综复杂且又异常尖锐,各种政治力量争斗消长且又重组突起,可以说浓缩了晚清中国的所有问题与希望。本文借助于法国人的视角和记忆重构历史的理论对清末十余年历史作跨文化的史学研究,力图能对以往这段历史研究以新的补充和拓展。既然以法国人的视域为论文的研究视角,那就不可避免地受到法国人所能提供资料的限制。根据近代法国政府部门的档案与近代法国主要报刊的报道可知,不仅对中国,而且给列强都带来巨大震动的,就是发生在当时中国的三场政治运动：义和拳运动、“激进风潮”、革命运动。而它们便是清末中国大变局的主要构建者,也正是因为它们,满清王朝再也无法照旧统治下去,中国民众再也无法照旧生活下去,同样在华列强也再也无法照旧控制中国下去。于是变局与应变从而构成了清末十余年历史演绎的主线：皇太后宣战与列强的回击、“激进风潮”与列强的观望、清帝退位与列强的抉择。在法国人看来,清末变局的实质是中国各派政治力量围绕着各自理解下的“中国出路”而彼此博弈、争斗的结果,同时也是诸多列强影响与制衡的必然。至于在华列强,自20世纪初以来,中国政局以及世界格局的剧烈变动,特别是日本的崛起以及全世界范围反德同盟的形成等因素,列强在华的制衡格局实际上也在悄然地发生着变化,不过均势局面仍继续保持着。同时也正是基于当时在华的共同利益,即共享中国、共治中国,所以利益诉求迥异的列强,可以在面对中国不同变局之时,凭借一个强大的群体力量,得以比较从容地应对,甚至化解来自中国内部的挑战和冲击,从而在进一步巩固在华特权的同时,又强化了对中国的控制。论文依托法国人的视野,将清末的政治变局与以法国为代表的列强之应对作为研究对象,无疑是一次多元文化研究的尝试与探索。此外通过对法国外交部为主的官方档案以及法国本土主流报刊为代表的民间资料的激活,通过对以义和拳运动、夺回利权运动和辛亥革命运动这三大历史场景予以新的解读,从而在重构近代中国的新陈代谢与外部环境,特别是与列强互为影响的历史关联的同时,能对同时期清末的历史结局、列强的应对策略进行一番审视,而这必将有助于我们对于近代“中国出路”的这一历史问题作出更深层次的思考。
[Abstract]:During the last ten years of the Qing Dynasty, various social contradictions were complicated and extremely sharp. It can be said that it condensed all the problems and hopes of China in the late Qing Dynasty. This paper, with the help of the French perspective and the theory of reconstructing the history of memory, makes a cross-cultural historical study of the history of the late Qing Dynasty in the last ten years. Try to be able to this section of historical research in the past with new supplement and expand. Since the perspective of the study is from the perspective of the French, it is inevitably limited by the information that the French can provide. According to the archives of modern French government departments and the reports of major French newspapers and periodicals in modern times, it is not only for China, And what caused great shock to the great powers was the three political movements that took place in China at that time: the Yihequan movement, the "radical wave", and the revolutionary movement. And they were the main architects of the great changes in China in the late Qing Dynasty, and precisely because of them. The Manchu dynasty could no longer rule, and the Chinese people could no longer live as usual. In the same way, the great powers in China could no longer control China as usual. Thus, changes and changes formed the main line of historical deduction in the late Qing Dynasty for more than a decade: the Queen Mother declared war and the return of the powers, the "radical tide" and the wait-and-see of the powers. The choice between the abdication of the Qing emperor and the great powers. In the eyes of the French, the essence of the change in the late Qing Dynasty was the result of the Chinese political forces playing games and fighting among themselves around the "Chinese way out" understood by them. At the same time, it is the necessity of the influence and balance of many powers. As for the great powers in China, since the beginning of 20th century, the political situation in China and the world structure have changed dramatically, especially the rise of Japan and the formation of anti-German alliances around the world. The checks and balances of the great powers in China are actually changing quietly, but the balance of power continues to be maintained. At the same time, it is precisely on the basis of the common interests in China at that time, that is, sharing China and ruling China together, so the powers with very different interests have very different interests. In the face of the different changes in China, with a strong group force, we can relatively calmly deal with, or even resolve, the challenges and shocks from within China, thereby further consolidating our privileges in China. And strengthened control over China. Relying on the vision of the French, the thesis takes the political changes in the late Qing Dynasty and the responses of the great powers represented by France as the research objects. It is undoubtedly an attempt and exploration of multicultural research. In addition, through the activation of the official archives of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the folk materials represented by the mainstream French newspapers and periodicals, and through the movement of righteousness and boxing, In order to reconstruct the metabolism and external environment of modern China, especially the historical connection with the great powers, the three historical scenes of retaking the right of profit and the Revolution of 1911 were interpreted in a new way. The historical outcome of the late Qing Dynasty in the same period and the coping strategies of the powers can be examined, and this will certainly help us to make a deeper reflection on the historical issue of "the way out of China" in modern times.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K252

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