抗战时期山东抗日根据地小学教师研究

发布时间：2018-03-30 18:37

本文选题：抗战时期　切入点：山东抗日根据地　出处：《山东大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：抗战前,农村仅有的知识分子私塾教师和小学教师都面临着生存危机,私塾教师在政府的压力下,生源越来越少,面临着失业危机,但是其在农村的社会公共事务中仍承担着一定的职务,在农村处于有权威而无权力的境地。小学教师由于社会的动荡和政府的腐败,收入很低,生活无保障,经常面临着失业的危机,自身也难以融入农村社会,在农村公共事务中很少发挥作用,地位很低,都急需改变自身的生存状况。抗战时期,中共在山东陆续开辟了大量敌后抗日根据地,这些根据地不仅是抗战的后方基地,同时也是中共积极探索乡村治理模式的“民主实验场”。从“国家政权建设”的角度讲,它也是国家权力向下延伸,努力把乡村社会纳入到新政权体系的尝试。这就需要有大量的有渊博知识、宽广视野、新的观念的知识分子深入到广大民众当中宣传民主,宣传中共的政治体制和方针政策,并且帮助农民真正建立新农村。而小学教师作为农村中仅有的知识分子,既能懂得政府政策,又能接近广大人民群众,成为根据地政府培养的主要对象。战前各级学校的教员是根据地政府的主要争取对象,通常他们都只接受过私塾教育或高小毕业,从思想到知识水平以及教育方式都与新民主主义教育不相符。把这些旧知识分子改造成为新民主主义的教育战士,真正为群众服务,成为根据地教育改革的重要内容。为此,根据地政府对小学教师进行了培训和改造,使得小学教师不仅从知识水平上得到提高,更重要的是从思想上确立了群众观念、劳动观念,积极参加农村社会活动。经过改造后的乡村小学教师在农村公共事务中发挥了很大的作用。小学教师几乎参与了根据地所有的社会文化活动和政治活动,并且在其中起了重要的组织和指导作用,尤其是在社会公共领域的参与能力得到很大的加强。小学教师成为根据地建设的重要支撑。从根据地小学教师在农村行使的社会职能可以看出,小学教师已经突破了自身的职业功能,积极参与根据地的各项活动,作为主要的乡村知识分子,其在农村行使的社会职能和所充当的角色在一定程度上延续继承了传统士绅在农村的角色。乡村小学教师的群体性质和获得农村权威的方式都与传统士绅有很大相似之处。但是由于所处时代的不同,其权威的威慑力和稳定性都无法与传统士绅相比。在抗战之初,农村旧有权威缺失,新的农村权威还未培养成功之时,小学教师在短时间内充当了农村社会的权威。随着根据地新的农村权威(劳模英雄)的树立,旧有小学教师群体也分化瓦解,很大一部分上升为党政机关干部。
[Abstract]:Before the War of Resistance against Japan, the only intellectuals, private school teachers and primary school teachers in rural areas were facing a crisis of survival. Under the pressure of the government, private school teachers had fewer and fewer students and faced a crisis of unemployment. However, they still assume certain duties in rural social and public affairs, and are in a situation of authority and powerlessness in rural areas. Due to the social unrest and corruption of the government, primary school teachers have very low incomes and have no security in their lives. Often faced with the crisis of unemployment, it is difficult to integrate itself into the rural society. It plays little role in rural public affairs, and its status is very low, so it is urgent to change its living conditions. During the War of Resistance against Japan, the Chinese Communists successively opened up a large number of anti-Japanese base areas behind the enemy lines in Shandong Province, which were not only the rear bases of the War of Resistance against Japan, At the same time, it is also a "democratic experimental ground" for the CPC to actively explore the mode of rural governance. From the point of view of "building state power," it is also an extension of state power downward. An attempt to bring rural society into the new political system. This requires a large number of intellectuals with profound knowledge, broad horizons and new ideas to go deep into the masses to propagate democracy and publicize the political system and principles and policies of the Communist Party of China. The primary school teachers, as the only intellectuals in the countryside, can not only understand the government policy, but also approach the broad masses of the people, and become the main object of the government training in the base area. The teachers of schools at all levels before the war were the main targets of the government in the base areas. Usually, they had only received private schooling or graduated from senior and junior schools. The transformation of these old intellectuals into educational soldiers of new democracy, to truly serve the masses and to become an important part of the educational reform in the base areas, is incompatible with the education of the new democracy, from the level of thought to the level of knowledge and the way of education. The primary school teachers have been trained and reformed by the government in the base area, which not only improves their knowledge level, but also establishes the mass concept and labor concept, and takes an active part in rural social activities. The reformed rural primary school teachers have played a very important role in rural public affairs. The primary school teachers have participated in almost all social, cultural and political activities in the base areas, and have played an important role in organizing and guiding them. Especially, the ability of participation in the social public domain has been greatly strengthened, and primary school teachers have become an important support for the construction of base areas. From the social functions exercised by primary school teachers in the base areas in rural areas, we can see that primary school teachers have broken through their own professional functions and actively participated in various activities in the base areas, as major rural intellectuals. To a certain extent, the social functions and roles they perform in the countryside continue to inherit the role of the traditional gentry in the countryside. The group nature of rural primary school teachers and the way of obtaining rural authority have a great deal with the traditional gentry. Similarities. But because of the times, The deterrent power and stability of its authority cannot be compared with that of the traditional gentry. At the beginning of the War of Resistance against Japan, the old authority in the countryside was lacking, and the new rural authority had not yet been cultivated successfully. The primary school teachers acted as the authority of the rural society in a short period of time. With the establishment of the new rural authority (labor model hero) in the base areas, the group of teachers of the old primary schools was also divided and disintegrated, and a large part of them rose to cadres of the Party and government organs.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：G625.1;K265

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