潘光旦政治思想研究

发布时间：2018-04-03 01:22

本文选题：民族　切入点：平等　出处：《陕西师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：潘光旦,江苏宝山人,是民国时期著名的社会学家和教育家。他出身了士绅家庭,从小就接受了良好的教育,因此顺利考入清华留美预备班。他在清华学业成绩突出,虽然腿部有残疾,依然成功留美,在美国取得硕士学位后归国。潘光旦的求学生涯十分顺利,留美背景和丰富的学识使其迅速融入进中国的大学,并很快获得了一定的学术地位。民国时期的知识分子大都具有很深的爱国情怀,在教书之余,潘光旦时常发表各类文章,纵论国事。这些文章有许多涉及到政治问题,通过对这些文章的梳理,我们可以很清晰地了解潘光旦的政治思想潘光旦的政治思想十分全面,具有一定的内在逻辑性。本文主要考察了时人比较关注的民族、平等、民主和自由思想。在民族思想方面,潘光旦认为民族既是历史文化的共同体,也是血缘共同体,它同时具有这两方面的属性。他从优生学的角度,认为民族的生物因素起到基础性作用,人们对民族生物因素的忽视是不应该的。中华民族并不是衰老的民族,虽然中华民族有体格柔韧化、缺乏科学头脑、组织能力薄弱和自私自利心的畸形发展这四种病象,但只要改造方法得宜,是可以实现民族复兴的。潘光旦的平等思想相对比较简单。平等的含义比较复杂,包括了等同、平均和公正等意。平等一词意义的复杂性给人们的思维造成了很大的混乱,潘光旦平等思想的展开就是在国人对平等的理解充满了歧异的情况下展开的。民国时期,人们一般把平等一词理解为等同和平均,因而,潘光旦对这一现象很是不满。他利用生物学和社会学知识,对平等理念所蕴含的等同和平均两意进行了批判,从而肯定了平等理念所蕴含的公正之意,提出了以公正(公道)概念代替平等概念的主张。潘光旦实际上是一位平等主义的坚决反对者。在一个把平等惯于理解成平均主义的国家,潘光旦坚持自己的观点,是需要很大的理论勇气的。他提出的以公正概念代替平等概念的主张,虽然对平等的看法有些偏颇,但也能给我们一些有益的启示。随着改革开放的深入,中国人的收入差距越来越大,社会公正问题也因此日益严重,为了避免意义含混的平等概念带来的不必要的麻烦,我们应更多的使用公正概念未必不是一个值得考虑的选择。潘光旦的民主思想也具有个人特色。在民主价值论上,他认为民主是实现自由的保障,民主有利于民族健康,促进一个民族的发展。在民主建设论上,他认为教育起到决定性的作用,此外,家庭制度和社会精英的作用也是不可忽视的。中国要建立民主政治不能忽视传统思想的民主因素,中国建立的民主政治制度不能一味模仿英美,可以有自己的创造。作为一个自由主义者,潘光旦的自由思想十分系统。他的自由观不是重在排除外部障碍的外在自由,而是侧重于消除内在能力和理性不足的内在自由。作为一个自由主义者,与西方的同道一样,潘光旦对历史决定论和历史进步论同样持拒斥的态度。在对自由的价值论方面,他认为自由是生命的目的,有利于个人价值的实现和社会的发展与稳定；自由社会具有包容性,有利于各种人才的培育和发展,从而促进一个民族文化和社会的进步。要实现人的自由,一要建立民主政治,二要发展教育。可惜的是,新中国成立之后,迫于政治与舆论压力,潘光旦不得不放弃自己的自由主义立场。潘光旦的一生可谓一帆风顺,由于深受欧风美雨的影响,他始终坚持客观中立的立场放言无忌,直言批评各种思想,甚至包括公开抨击国民党。但到了1946年7月,潘光旦遭遇到了生平第一次重大的政治压力。当月发生了“李闻惨案”,潘光旦等人在闻一多被刺当晚,不得不躲进美国驻昆明领事馆。国民党用暗杀的手段来对付批评者的卑劣行为,使潘在思想上开始转向。1949年,国民政府在大陆的败局已定,他最终选择了拥抱人民的新中国,而且开始试图融入新社会。但是,由于复杂的历史问题,潘光旦在知识分子改造运动和反右运动中,受到冲击,从此,被打入历史的另册。
[Abstract]:Pan Guangdan , Jiangsu Baoshan man , is a famous social scientist and educator in the People ' s Republic of China . He came from the family of the squire and accepted good education since he was young . He has been successful in the study of Tsinghua University . Although his legs are disabled , he has been successful in studying abroad . He has acquired a master ' s master ' s master ' s degree .

Pan Guangdan ' s political thought is very comprehensive and has a certain inherent logic . This article mainly examines the people , equality , democracy and free thought that the time people pay attention to .

In the aspect of national thought , Pan Guangdan believes that the nationality is not only the community of historical culture , but also the Hematologic Community , which has the attributes of both .

Pan Guangdan ' s idea of equality is relatively simple . The meaning of equality is complex , including the meaning of equality , average and justice .

In fact , Pan Guangdan is a strong opponent of equality . In a country where equality is used to be an average , Pan Guangdan insists on his own view , and it is necessary to take great theoretical courage . With the deepening of reform and opening up , the income gap of Chinese people is becoming more and more serious . With the deepening of reform and opening up , the issue of social justice is becoming more and more serious . In order to avoid unnecessary troubles caused by the concept of equality , we should use the concept of justice more than a choice worth considering .

In the theory of democratic values , he believes that democracy is the guarantee of freedom , democracy is favorable to the national health and promotes the development of a nation . In the theory of democratic construction , he believes that education plays a decisive role . In addition , the role of the family system and the social elite cannot be ignored . In China , it is necessary to establish a democratic political system that cannot ignore the democratic factors of the traditional thought , and the democratic political system established by China cannot imitate the Anglo - American , and can have its own creation .

As a liberalist , Pan Guangdan ' s free thought is very systematic . His view of freedom is not to exclude the inner freedom from the outside obstacle , but to focus on the elimination of the inherent ability and the lack of reason . As a liberalist , as in the west , Pan Guangdan also holds a rejection of the theory of historical and historical progress . In the aspect of the value theory of freedom , he believes that freedom is the purpose of life and is conducive to the realization of personal value and the development and stability of society ;
The free society is inclusive , conducive to the cultivation and development of all kinds of talents , thus promoting the progress of a nation ' s culture and society . To realize the freedom of the people , to establish the democratic politics , and to develop education . Unfortunately , after the founding of the new China , Pan Guangdan has to abandon his liberal position after the establishment of the new China .

Pan Guangdan ' s life was smooth , and because of the influence of the wind and rain , he always insisted on an objective and neutral stance and criticized all kinds of ideas , including public criticism of the Kuomintang . However , in July 1946 , Mr . Ban met with his first major political pressure . In 1949 , Mr . Ban became aware of his first major political pressure . In 1949 , he had chosen to embrace the people ' s new China , and began to try to integrate into the new society . However , because of the complex historical problems , Pan Guangdan had been hit by the intellectuals ' transformation movement and the anti - right movement .

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K265

【引证文献】