清末民初庙产问题研究（1895-1916）

发布时间：2018-04-09 18:12

本文选题：社会问题　切入点：庙产　出处：《陕西师范大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 庙产问题是指各地大规模强占民间庙产所引发的全国性的社会矛盾,它是由晚清政府和民国政府的庙产征用政策引发的,是中国社会转型时期传统习俗与现代意识、专制习惯和民主精神、社会精英与普通民众激烈冲突的一个缩影。庙产问题开始于清末新政期间,此后时缓时急,时断时续,一直延续到建国前夕。庙产问题的持续时间很长,涉及范围很广,社会影响也很深远,对之进行研究,不仅有重要的学术意义,也有一定的现实意义,但是,目前还没有人对这个问题进行过系统研究。鉴于此,本文从政府与社会的互动关系入手,对庙产问题的第一个阶段,即清末民初(1895--1916)的庙产问题进行了系统研究,欲起到抛砖引玉的作用。全文共分八个部分：绪论,主要阐述了本文的基本思路、选题意义、研究状况、主要内容、主要观点和创新之处等问题；第一章,主要阐述了清政府庙产征用政策出台的物质基础和时代原因。首先分析了清末全国的庙宇种类和庙产状况,分析了全国庙宇的房屋、土地和资金数量等,认为这是清政府出台庙产征用政策的前提。接着,分析了清政府出台庙产征用政策的四个时代原因,即,改革经费的严重匮乏是其经济原因,废淫祀的传统是其政治原因,社会精英对传统文化的态度转变是其文化原因,而僧道的社会形象较差则是其催化剂；第二章,主要研究了清末庙产征用政策的演变过程和实施情况。笔者首先分析了章太炎、康有为、张之洞等人的建议的异同之处以及清末庙产征用政策的演化过程,接着研究了这项政策在各地的执行情况。认为清末庙产征用政策的前后矛盾和各地征用民间庙产的粗暴举动直接导致了庙产问题的产生和迅速激化；第三章,主要研究了清末庙产问题的发展概况。笔者从社会学的概念出发,从宏观上研究了清末庙产问题的形成和发展过程,认为庙产问题首先表现为外交纠纷,接着表现为僧俗争讼,最后发展为大规模的群体性暴力事件；第四章,主要研究了民国初年庙产问题的复杂化。首先阐述了民国初年政治形势的变化和破除迷信运动的迅猛发展对庙产问题的影响,接着阐述了袁世凯对民间庙产态度的变化以及《临时约法》的颁布对庙产问题的影响,最后阐述了民国初年庙产问题的演变过程,即从群体性暴力事件发展为社团运作和司法诉讼；第五章,主要阐述了袁世凯政府围绕庙产问题与宗教社团的博弈过程。这些博弈主要是围绕着庙产保护标准、庙产所有权归属、庙产保护起始时间以及宗教社团的地位等问题展开的。认为这些博弈是民国初年民主政治的重要组成部分。为了争夺民间庙产的控制权,袁世凯政府和宗教社团都从《临时约法》中寻找对自己有利的因素。这不仅直接推动了袁世凯政府庙产政策的完善,也将清末新政以来持续激化的庙产问题逐步纳入了法制化轨道,从而使这一严重的社会问题暂时告一段落。第六章,主要研究了袁世凯庙产政策的主要内容、特征、宗教人士对这些政策的态度,并对袁世凯政府的庙产政策进行了客观评价,认为这些庙产政策既反应了袁世凯政府的意志,又积极吸收了宗教人士和地方政府的意见和建议；既有明显的传统痕迹,又具有诸多明显的时代特征。这些政策的制定,不仅为各地处理庙产纠纷提供了法律依据,又对后来的庙产政策产生了深远的影响；结语,主要阐述了三个观点,一是清末民初我国政治经济形势的巨大变化是庙产问题产生的根本原因；二是清末民初时期庙产政策的前后矛盾是庙产问题持续激化的直接原因；三是袁世凯政府的二难选择增加了解决庙产问题的难度,但它制定的一系列政策最终将庙产问题纳入了法制化的轨道,使庙产问题得到了暂时的解决。总之,清末民初的庙产问题是一个非常复杂的政治性社会问题,涉及到政治、经济、思想、文化、法律、宗教、教育等各个方面,牵涉到中央政府、地方政府、各级官吏以及普通民众。本文的研究只是一个初步的尝试,不可避免地存在着不少缺憾,需要本人以及同仁进行长期的共同努力。
[Abstract]:The problem is that national caused by seizing the property around the massive folk social contradictions, it is by the late Qing government and the government of the Republic of China's property expropriation policy causes, is the traditional customs during the period of social transformation Chinese and modern consciousness, authoritarian habits and democratic spirit, a microcosm of social elites and ordinary people. The fierce conflict the problem started in the late Qing period, then slowly or rapidly. On the eve of the founding. Until the duration of temple issue is very long, involving a wide range of social influence is also very profound, to study, not only has important academic significance, but also has certain practical significance, but there is no people have made a systematic study on this issue. In view of this, this article from the interaction between government and society with the first stage of the problem, which is at the end of the Qing Dynasty (1895--1916) of the temple issue There are eight parts in this paper.
The introduction mainly expounds the basic ideas of this article, the significance of the topic, the research situation, the main content, the main points of view and the innovation and so on.
The first chapter mainly elaborated the Qing government property expropriation policy foundation and age reasons. The first is analyzed in the late Qing Dynasty the temple type and property status, analyzes the temple houses, land and the amount of money, this is the premise that the Qing government issued the expropriation policy. Then, analyzed four times the reason, the Qing government issued property expropriation policy is a serious shortage of funds, the reform is the economic reason, the waste of Yinsi tradition is the political reasons, cultural reasons is the transformation of the social elite attitude of traditional culture, and the social image of the poor monk is the catalyst;
The second chapter mainly studies the evolution process of expropriation policy in the late Qing Dynasty and the implementation. The author first analyzes the evolution process of Zhang Taiyan, Kang Youwei, Zhang Zhidong et al. The similarities and differences between the proposed and the property expropriation policy in the late Qing Dynasty, and then study the implementation of this policy in the country. That violent behaviour in late Qing Dynasty temple expropriation policy is inconsistent and around the folk Temple led directly to the expropriation of property problems and rapid intensification;
The third chapter mainly discusses the development situation of the late Qing Dynasty. The temple issue from a sociological concept of the formation and development process from the macro research on the late Qing Dynasty temple issue, that the problem is first expressed as a diplomatic dispute, then the performance and dispute, the final development of mass violence scale;
The fourth chapter mainly studies the complexity of the early years of the Republic of China Temple issue. First describes the influence of the rapid development of the political situation in the early Republic of China and the changes of superstition and movement of the temple issue, then expounds the influence of the attitude of the Yuan Shikai folk and promulgated the provisional constitution of the < > of property problems, finally expounds the evolution process in the early Republic of China Temple issue, namely from the incident of group violence for the operation of the club and judicial proceedings;
The fifth chapter mainly elaborates the game process of the Yuan Shikai administration around the temple issue and religious associations. The game is mainly around the property protection standards, property ownership, property protection issues and the starting time of the religious community status. That game is an important part of democratic politics in the early Republic of China. In order to compete for control of folk the construction of the temple, the Yuan Shikai administration and the religious community from the provisional constitution for < > in their favour. It not only promoted the improvement of Yuan Shikai government property policy, will also continue to intensify the temple issue since the late Qing Dynasty gradually into the orbit of the legal system, which is a serious social problem temporarily come to an end.
The sixth chapter, the main content, mainly studies the Yuan Shikai property policy characteristics, religious attitudes to these policies, and on the Yuan Shikai administration's property policy objective evaluation, think the property policy not only reflects the will of the Yuan Shikai administration, and actively absorb the religious people and local government both traditional opinions and suggestions; obvious signs, and has some obvious characteristics of the times. The formulation of these policies, not only provides a legal basis for handling property disputes, but also a profound impact on the later's property policy;
The conclusion, mainly expounds the three points, one is a huge change in the late Qing Dynasty of China's political and economic situation are the fundamental reasons for the property problem; two is the late Qing Dynasty, the policy inconsistency is the direct cause of the temple issue continued to intensify; three is the Yuan Shikai administration's two difficult choice increases the difficulty of solving property problems, but a series of policy formulation of it will eventually yield the problem into the legal track, the temple issue to get a temporary solution.
In short, the problem of the late Qing Dynasty is a very complex political and social issues, involving political, economic, ideological, cultural, legal, religious, educational and other aspects, involves the central government, local government, government officials and ordinary people. This research is a preliminary attempt, inevitably there are a lot of defects, need I and colleagues to make long-term efforts.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K257

【参考文献】