清末的明史情结与中国近代民族主义的形成

发布时间：2018-04-21 04:11

本文选题：明史 + 孙中山　；参考：《广东省社会科学院》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：本论文以晚清革命宣传中的明史因素为线索,通过分析明史的宣传、整理和研究,探讨明史情结对中国近代民族主义产生的影响,试图揭示历史书写与现实社会变迁之间的关系。中国近代民族主义的产生,首先是知识分子在内忧外患的情况下对清王朝腐朽统治的否定,他们在明代历史中极力寻找可资立足的理论和法统资源,希望在历史的法理上论证清政权的非法性,从历史的记忆中重新揭示其统治的残酷性,在对历史的阐述中塑造汉族英雄人物以此唤醒民众的斗志和自信,在反思历史的过程中总结出顺应时代潮流的先进理论。以史为鉴是中华文明的传统,面对内忧外患的民族危局,汉族知识分子开始寻觅明史中抗清的史实以慰藉心灵。梁启超在《中国近三百年学术史》中明确指出:“最近三十年思想界之变迁,最初的原动力是残明遗献思想之复活。”(1)面对满洲贵族的专制统治与外国列强的欺凌,如何在明史的研究中寻找民族自立、自信和自强便成为时代的中心任务。明史的宣传和研究,极大地激发了汉民族的“反满”情绪,笔者通过对鸦片战争以后反清群体中的主要代表人物对明朝历史的重要人物与事件的认识和解读进行梳理,从洪秀全、孙中山等人对明太祖的效仿与推崇到革命党人宣传明末抗清人物和事迹及揭露清兵暴行,以论证反清群体在对明史的发掘和解读中找到了诸多革命的理论依据和斗争思路,并有效地进行了革命的宣传和动员。明史资源的初步整理和传播,激起了汉人思绪中层层“仇满”的涟漪,在“排满”革命市场需求的推动下,明史研究的生产也不断发展起来。笔者通过选取章太炎对刘基、王阳明及黄宗羲等人的叙评来浅作论述,分析章氏的修史态度及动机;通过探讨梁启超对郑和、郑成功、袁崇焕等事功显赫者以及明末的思想界名士黄道周、刘宗周等人的研究,窥探他史学研究的民族主义倾向;通过梳理陈去病和柳亚子的明史研究,展现出他们更加贴近时代“反满”主题的动机与目的。历史与现实的纵横交错使得近代中国的民族认同问题显得尤为错综复杂。中国近代民族主义思潮在传统的历史仇恨与近代的国家追求的共同作用下逐渐形成,孙中山与梁启超的民族主义思想,皆在时代的潮流中不断发展成熟。在清王朝存在的前提下,汉民族的认同问题直接导致了“排满”这一焦点目标的千夫所指,民族情感的激发与民族仇恨的煽动,对革命形势的迅速高涨推波助澜。在推翻清王朝的过程中,明史的宣传与革命的形势最终造就了最初的民族主义。
[Abstract]:This paper takes the Ming history factor in the late Qing revolutionary propaganda as the clue, through the analysis Ming history propaganda, collates and studies, discusses the Ming history complex to the Chinese modern times nationalism influence. This paper attempts to reveal the relationship between historical writing and social changes in reality. The emergence of Chinese modern nationalism, first of all, was the intellectuals' negation of the decadent rule of the Qing Dynasty under the circumstance of internal and external troubles. They tried their best to find theoretical and legal resources that could be based on in the history of the Ming Dynasty. Hoping to demonstrate the illegality of the Qing regime in the legal theory of history, to rediscover the cruelty of its rule from the memory of history, and to portray the heroes of the Han nationality in the elaboration of history in order to awaken the people's fighting spirit and self-confidence. In the process of reflecting on history, the author sums up the advanced theory to conform to the trend of the times. Learning from history is the tradition of Chinese civilization. In the face of internal and external national crisis, Han intellectuals began to seek historical facts of resistance to Qing Dynasty in Ming history to comfort their hearts. Liang Qichao clearly pointed out in "nearly 300 years of academic History of China": "the initial motive force of the changes in the field of thought in the last three decades was the resurrection of the thought of the remnant." (1) in the face of the autocratic rule of the Manchuria aristocrats and the bullying of foreign powers, How to find national independence, self-confidence and self-improvement in the study of Ming history has become the central task of the times. The propaganda and research on the history of the Ming Dynasty have greatly aroused the "anti-Manchu" sentiment of the Han nationality. The author sorts out the main representatives of the anti-Qing group after the Opium War and their understanding and interpretation of the important figures and events in the history of the Ming Dynasty. From the imitators and admirers of Hong Xiuquan, Sun Zhongshan, and others to the revolutionaries who propagated the figures and deeds of the Qing Dynasty in the late Ming Dynasty and exposed the atrocities of the Qing military, In order to prove that the anti-Qing group found a lot of revolutionary theoretical basis and struggle train of thought in excavating and interpreting the Ming history, and effectively carried out the revolutionary propaganda and mobilization. The initial collation and spread of the resources of the Ming history have aroused the ripples of "hatred" in the thoughts of the Han people, and the production of the study of the Ming history has been developing constantly under the impetus of the demand of the revolutionary market. By selecting Zhang Taiyan's comments on Liu Ji, Wang Yangming and Huang Zongxi, the author analyzes Zhang's attitude and motivation for historical revision, and discusses his views on Zheng he and Zheng's success. Yuan Chonghuan and other prominent thinkers in the late Ming Dynasty, Huang Daozhou, Liu Zongzhou, etc., to probe into the nationalist tendencies of his historiography research; by combing the research on the Ming history of Chen Qubing and Liu Yazi, It shows their motivation and purpose that they are closer to the theme of anti-Manchuria. The crisscross of history and reality makes the problem of national identity in modern China more complicated. The trend of nationalism in modern China is gradually formed under the common action of traditional historical hatred and modern national pursuit. The nationalist thoughts of Sun Zhongshan and Liang Qichao have developed and matured in the trend of the times. Under the premise of the existence of Qing Dynasty, the identity of Han nationality directly led to the "full", the focus of the target, the stimulation of national feelings and incitement of national hatred, the rapid upsurge of the revolutionary situation. In the process of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty, the propaganda of Ming Dynasty and the situation of revolution resulted in the initial nationalism.
【学位授予单位】：广东省社会科学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K252

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