李鸿章与中朝宗藩关系的转变（1876-1885）

发布时间：2018-04-30 08:36

本文选题：李鸿章 + 宗藩关系　；参考：《延边大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：中国与朝鲜的宗藩关系由来已久。伴随着西方军事、经济和文化的强势入侵,朝鲜的社会秩序遭受了猛烈的冲击,对中朝宗藩关系产生了诸多冲击,至清朝末年这种宗藩关系逐渐瓦解。在此过程中,李鸿章作为晚清朝鲜事务的主持者对宗藩关系进行了较大程度的变革。为了避免朝鲜沦为资本主义列强的殖民地,维护清朝对朝鲜的宗主国地位,李鸿章期望通过提高对其的掌控和内政的干涉来对其进行控制,以企保全朝鲜进而保障清朝的安全。1876年至1885年期间,从不断致函于朝鲜官员,想要说服他们开国到从中斡旋,到劝导朝鲜签订与美国的通商条约,到对朝鲜壬午、甲申两次事变积极介入,到最终全面干涉朝鲜的整个过程中的李鸿章对朝政策一直是清晰而明确的,并非仅仅只是为了巩固清政府在朝的势力,重中之重在于确保两国的宗藩关系不动摇。但这样的做法很大程度上是以清政府的利益作为出发点,所以对藩属国朝鲜的利益有所牺牲,这种观念一定程度上又推动了属国对宗藩关系的背离,客观上导致中朝宗藩关系逐渐瓦解。对于李鸿章在中朝宗藩关系转变中观念到手段的梳理,揭示出来的却是李鸿章在晚清变革时代,面对西方列强军事、政治和文化等方面的冲击,在东方保守的传统思想文化与适应列强带来的西方思想文化之间来回挣扎、不断调整的心路历程。不可否认的是,李鸿章也曾试图对宗藩制度和西方近代国际秩序进行融合,但是最终效果却不尽如意。甚至很大程度上,这两种观念交汇产生的不是融合,而是冲突。而这些观念给李鸿章的对朝外交实践带来了一定负面影响。综上所述,1876-1885间李鸿章对朝鲜的政策既有传承,又有发展,具备明显的阶段特征,同时受西方资本主义国家的侵略、宗藩体制内部的不平等、清政府国力的衰落等诸多因素影响,宗藩体制逐渐走向了瓦解。而李鸿章加强对朝鲜事务的干涉所引发的负面效果也令人深思,在近代国际主权观念越发受到认可和接受的背景下,干涉乃至控制他国内政只能引发对抗和冲突。因此,在建立新型国际秩序上,必须坚持和平协商的理念,力求国与国之间从名义到实质都能够体现出平等精神。
[Abstract]:The Suzerain-vassal relationship between China and North Korea has a long history. With the powerful invasion of the western military, economy and culture, the social order of North Korea suffered a violent impact, which had a lot of impact on the Sino-Korean suzerain-vassal relations, which gradually collapsed in the late Qing Dynasty. In this process, Li Hongzhang, as the moderator of Korean affairs in the late Qing Dynasty, made great changes to the suzerain-vassal relationship. In order to prevent North Korea from becoming a colony of capitalist powers and to safeguard the Qing Dynasty's status as a sovereign state over Korea, Li Hongzhang hoped to control it by increasing its control and interference in its internal affairs. Between 1876 and 1885, it continued to write letters to North Korean officials, trying to persuade them to mediate between the country and the United States, to persuade the DPRK to sign a treaty of trade with the United States, and to do business with the DPRK. Jia Shen actively intervened in the two incidents, and Li Hongzhang's policy towards the DPRK was always clear and clear in the whole process of ultimately interfering in the DPRK, not just to consolidate the Qing government's influence in the DPRK. The top priority is to ensure that the suzerainty-vassal relations between the two countries are not shaken. But to a large extent, this practice took the interests of the Qing government as the starting point, thus sacrificing the interests of the subordinate state of Korea. To a certain extent, this concept also promoted the departure of the subordinate states from the suzerain-vassal relations. Objectively, it led to the gradual disintegration of the Suzerain-vassal relationship between China and Korea. As for Li Hongzhang's concept and means in the transformation of Sino-Korean suzerain-vassal relations, what he reveals is the impact on the military, political and cultural aspects of Western powers in the late Qing Dynasty. Between the traditional ideology and culture of the oriental conservatism and the Western ideology and culture brought about by the great powers, the process of constantly adjusting the mind. It is undeniable that Li Hongzhang also tried to merge the suzerainty-vassal system with the western modern international order, but the final effect was not satisfactory. Even to a large extent, the intersection of these two ideas does not result in fusion, but conflict. These ideas have brought certain negative influence to Li Hongzhang's diplomatic practice to the DPRK. To sum up, the policies of 1876-1885 Li Hongzhang to North Korea have both inheritance and development, and have obvious stage characteristics. At the same time, they are influenced by the aggression of western capitalist countries, the inequality within the suzerain-vassal system, the decline of the Qing government's national strength, and so on. The suzerainty-vassal system gradually disintegrated. The negative effect caused by Li Hongzhang's strengthening interference in Korean affairs is also thought-provoking. Under the background of the recognition and acceptance of modern international sovereignty, interference and even control of the internal affairs of other countries can only lead to confrontation and conflict. Therefore, in the establishment of a new international order, we must adhere to the concept of peaceful consultation and strive to embody the spirit of equality between countries in both name and substance.
【学位授予单位】：延边大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K252

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