河南省开封专区农村整风整社运动研究（1958-1962）

发布时间：2018-04-30 13:17

本文选题：整风整社 + 开封专区　；参考：《山东大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：新中国建立后至改革开放前,中共乡村治理的基本线索可以说就是"以阶级斗争为纲"。这条线索的起点自然是土地改革运动,通过土改中的阶级斗争实践,农村社会不仅实现了土地、财富的再分配,而且每个人的政治生活、文化生活和日常生活都与阶级斗争紧密地联系在了一起。继土改之后的农业合作化运动、人民公社化运动,由于缺少经验,产生了许多问题。为此,在中共中央的要求下,各地结合着整党整风,对合作社、人民公社进行了长期的、时断时续的整顿。在整风整社的过程中,有两种思路一直在起着作用,一是阶级斗争,二是技术式整顿,在不同的阶段,两者往往交替居于主导地位。1962年,随着以生产队为基本核算单位的公社体制的确立,及中共八届十中全会上阶级斗争的重提,农村整风整社融入到了新的"四清"运动中,中共乡村治理的模式几乎完全为阶级斗争所取代。因此,可以说,农村整风整社运动是改革开放前中共"以阶级斗争为纲"乡村治理链条上的重要环节。相对于土改、"四清"的研究而言,学界对农村整风整社的关注度不高,原因可能有两点:一是这一运动的影响不及土改、"四清";二是整风整社持续时间长、时断时续,中央文件对此记载不甚清晰,做全国层面的系统梳理有一定难度。为此,本文以河南省开封专区为中心,利用当地丰富的档案资料,考察了 1958一1962年人民公社时期整风整社运动在专区范围内的开展过程。研究的需要,文章对开封专区合作化时期的整风整社也做了论述。合作化时期开封专区对初级农业社的整顿有1955年春、1956年春两次,对高级农业社的整顿有4次,分别在1956年春、1956年秋、1956年底至1957年初、1957年冬至1958年春。其主要特点是:运动主要由基层党委领导,工作队起辅助作用;强调整党、整团、整社的一致性;重视对三类社的改造。1958—1962年人民公社时期开封专区农村整风整社运动大致分为5个阶段:第一阶段1958年8月到10月,整风整社主要是通过大鸣、大放、大辩论的方法,批判"右倾"保守思想,为贯彻"大跃进"、人民公社化等"左"倾方针服务,同时对人民公社的所有制、经营管理、公共食堂等问题,进行了一些初步的研究和试验。第二阶段1958年11月至1959年7月,即第一次郑州会议到庐山会议前,整风整社主要是贯彻纠"左"政策,开展针对"共产风"的清算旧账工作。第三阶段1959年11月至1960年3月,即庐山会议后的近半年时间里,整风整社以贯彻"反右倾"为中心,先从农村党员干部整风开始,接着以社会主义教育的形式扩展到了全体农村人口中。第四阶段1960年4月至1961年3月,整风整社主要是整肃农村干部,大致以1960年11月"十二条"的下发为界,前段以改造"三类队"和开展"三反"为主要内容,后段以开展"民主革命补课"和反"五风"为主要内容。第五阶段1961年4月至1962年10月,整风整社以贯彻《农业60条》为主,内容上包括调整社队规模、民主办社、小队核算、甄别平反等。通过对人民公社时期开封专区农村整风整社运动的考察,本文认为:首先,开封地委对不同阶段整风整社运动的部署,基本遵循中共中央的思路,阶级斗争与技术式整顿交替居于主导地位。在以阶级斗争为主的时段,专区内下级机关往往会迎合上级,制造一些阶级斗争形势紧张的虚假材料,从而使运动有种错误放大化的效应。其次,开封专区1960年4月至1961年3月的整风整社是按照毛泽东"两类矛盾"理论进行的。在运动开始前,先划清"敌我",在社队中按问题的严重程度分出一、二、三类,然后在所谓"敌人掌权"的三类社队重划阶级成分、成立贫下中农阶级组织,开展夺权斗争,对疑似有问题的干部采取集特训的方式处理。这些做法都延续到了"四清"运动时期。另外,"四清"运动中一个非常重要的概念,即"走资本主义道路当权派",其提法的雏形就是在此阶段整风整社中孕育的。因此,可以说此阶段的整风整社就是"四清"运动的前奏。最后,受"大跃进"中开封、商丘两专区合并的影响,两地干部存在竞争性的派系结构,从而使整风整社运动在开封专区的"地方化"转换方面呈现出一定的复杂性。
[Abstract]:Before the establishment of the new China, the basic clue of the rural governance of the Communist Party of China before the reform and opening up could be said to be "class struggle". The starting point of this clue is the movement of land reform. Through the practice of class struggle in the soil reform, the rural society not only realized the land and the redistribution of wealth, but also the political life, cultural life and day of each person. The ordinary life has been closely linked with class struggle. Following the movement of agricultural cooperation after the land reform, the movement of the people's commune, because of lack of experience, has produced many problems. For this reason, under the request of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China, the whole party is combined with the rectification and rectification of the party, the cooperative and the people's commune has been reorganized for a long time and continuously. In the process of society, there are two kinds of ideas that have been playing a role, one is class struggle, and the two is technical rectification. In different stages, the two often alternate in the dominant position of.1962 years. With the establishment of the commune system with the production team as the basic accounting unit and the reintegration of the Chinese Communist Party's upper class struggle in the tenth Plenary Session of the 8th CPC Central Committee, the rural rectification and social integration into the society is integrated into the society. In the new "four Qing" movement, the mode of rural governance of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China is almost completely replaced by class struggle. Therefore, it can be said that the rural rectification movement is an important link in the rural governance chain of the Communist Party of China before the reform and opening up. In relation to the soil reform, the study of the "four Qing" is concerned with the attention degree of the rural rectification and rectification society. Not high, there may be two reasons: one is that the influence of this movement is not as good as soil reform, "four Qing"; two is the long duration of the rectification movement, and the central document is not very clear about this record. It is difficult to make a systematic combing of the national level. Therefore, this article takes the Kaifeng special area in Henan as the center, and makes use of the rich local archives to inspect it. The process of carrying out the rectification movement in the area of the period of the people's commune during the period of 1958 1962. The needs of the study. The article also discussed the rectification society during the cooperation period of the Kaifeng special area. The reorganization of the Kaifeng special area to the primary agricultural society in the period of cooperation was in the spring of 1955, the two in the spring of 1956, and 4 times for the rectification of the advanced agricultural society, respectively, in 195. In the spring of 6 years, the autumn of 1956, the end of 1956 to the beginning of 1957, and the winter to the spring of 1958 in 1957. The main features are that the movement is mainly led by the Party committee of the grass-roots party and the work team plays an auxiliary role; it emphasizes the unity of the whole party, the whole group and the whole society; the reform of the rural rectification movement in the Kaifeng special area of the people's commune during the period of the people's commune is roughly divided into 5 orders in the transformation of the three types of society.1958. Section 1: the first stage from August 1958 to October, the rectification and rectification of the society is mainly through the method of great resonance, great release and great debate, criticizing the conservative thought of "right leaning", serving the "left" policy of "the great leap forward", the people's Commune and so on. At the same time, some preliminary studies and experiments have been carried out on the ownership, management and public dining hall of the people's commune, second From November 1958 to July 1959, the first Zhengzhou conference to the Mount Lu meeting, the rectification movement was mainly to carry out the "left" policy and carry out the old accounts for the "Communist wind". In the third phase from November 1959 to March 1960, in the nearly half year after the Mount Lu meeting, the rectification movement was carried out in the "anti right deviation" as the center, first from the rural party. In the fourth stage from April 1960 to March 1961, the rectification movement was mainly to purge rural cadres, roughly in the decline of "twelve" in November 1960, and the first paragraph was to reform "three types of teams" and "three counter" as the main content, and the latter part carried out "democracy". The main content of the "revolution" and "the five wind" was "the fifth stage" from April 1961 to October 1962. The rectification movement was carried out in order to carry out the "60 agriculture". The content included the adjustment of the scale of the community, the Democratic office, the small team accounting, the screening and the reverse, and so on. Through the investigation of the rural rectification movement in the Kaifeng special area of the people's commune, this article holds that first, Kaifeng The Land Commission's deployment of the rectification movement in different stages basically follows the thought of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and the leading position of the class struggle and the technical rectifying. In the period of class struggle, the lower level organs in the district often cater to the superiors and make some false materials that are tense in the class struggle, thus making the movement a mistake. Secondly, the rectification movement of the Kaifeng special area from April 1960 to March 1961 was carried out according to Mao Zedong's theory of "two types of contradictions". Before the start of the movement, the "enemy and the enemy" were first cleared up, and one, two, and three categories were divided in the community according to the seriousness of the problem, and then the class elements were reclassified and the middle peasants were set up in the so-called "enemy power" group and the poor middle peasants were set up. The class organization, carrying out the struggle for power to seize power, took a special training approach to the suspected cadres. These practices were extended to the period of the "four Qing" movement. In addition, a very important concept in the "four Qing" movement, namely "taking the capitalist road to power", was conceived in this stage. The rectification movement in this stage is the prelude to the "four Qing" movement. Finally, influenced by the Kaifeng in the great leap forward and the merger of the two area of Shangqiu, the cadres of the two regions have a competitive factional structure, which makes the rectification movement in the area of the Kaifeng special area a certain complexity.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K27

【参考文献】