1949—1956年中国农业合作化研究

发布时间：2018-05-06 07:29

本文选题：二十世纪五十年代 + 农业合作化运动　；参考：《贵州财经大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：20世纪50年代的农业合作化运动是我国农村社会的深刻变革，成功的实现了从小私有经济向社会主义集体经济的转变。这一历史过程由于其一系列不成熟的理论指导，最终没能取得完美的结果，但其发生的条件与目标、经验教训和历史地位，对当今社会经济建设有重要的历史意义。农业合作化运动从新中国成立初就开始了，它是在解放区互助合作的基础上发展起来的。土地改革后，虽然农民获得了土地，经济地位上升，出现中农化倾向，但部分农户生活仍很贫困，农村的生产资料普遍缺乏。为解决农民普遍存在的劳力、畜力、生产资料不足的情况，调动农民生产积极性，在农村成立了各种各样的互助组。通过优秀互助组的示范效应，以及互助组不断充实新的内容，使农业生产获得极大提高，国家大力扶持互助组，从而促进了全国解放后互助组的快速发展。 1949年到1952年是互助组的初步开展阶段。互助组是农民在个体私有制基础上，自愿、自发组织起来形成的一种松散的劳动互助合作组织。它是在废除封建地主土地所有制的同时建立起来的个体农民对土地等生产资料的个体所有制。这种互助合作弥补了劳动力不足的缺陷，并保证了不违农时，加入互助组农户的经济效用都有所提高。因此，农户积极响应由单干转变为加入劳动互助组。 1953年到1955年上半年，是初级农业生产合作社的发展阶段。劳动互助组向初级农业生产合作社的转变，主观意识形态方面的原因主要是中国共产党将马列主义的合作化思想引入到新中国农业合作化运动当中，并以此来指导自己的实践。以毛泽东为代表的中央领导人，认为农业合作社不仅比个体农户小生产优越，而且也是小农经济过渡到社会主义的可行途径。毛泽东的意识成为党的主流意识，他对合作社的偏好必然决定了合作化运动的发展方向。客观原因是由于1953年是国民经济大规模建设开展的第一年，工业用粮比过去增加；工业人口和城市人口的迅速增加，对粮食需求量增大；同时，土改后农民生活水平有所改善，农民对粮食的消费量也比过去增多。一方面，粮食需求总量猛然上升，另一方面，农村粮食总产量增加的同时收购量反而下降。①为解决粮食的购销危机，国家实行统购统销政策，为能保证低价收购农产品，国家垄断市场，强制地取消农产品自由市场。为能保证在低价统购统销政策下，农民仍然能满足国家工业化建设所需要的农产品供应，合作社无疑是最好的途径，使国家能以行政力量直接控制农业生产。在这一背景下，1955年下半年，农业合作化的高潮在中国农村揭开了序幕。虽然这一阶段，国家没有取得农民的“一致性同意”，而是采取强迫命令的方式使得农民入社，然后利用合作社这种农村经济组织特有的组织形式，降低交易成本，获得农民大量的经济剩余，支持重工业的发展，从而使农民应获得的经济福利水平大大降低了。但是，除土地外，农民还是拥有其他主要生产资料所有权的。这样，农民可以根据入社后生产资料的数量和质量好坏不同，而获得不同的报酬收益。在此基础上，农户个人收入也由两部分构成，一是由土地所有权获得的土地报酬；二是参与劳动获得的劳动报酬。虽然初级生产合作社使农民的经济效用下降，但比起单干，还是有利的。 1956年，迎来了农业合作化的第二次高潮，农业生产高级社迅速发展。与初级社相比，高级社的公有化程度大大提高了，入社农民的土地、耕畜及大型农具等主要生产资料必须由私有转变为合作社集体所有，只保留按人口决定的自留地，形成了一种合作社共有的产权形式；而且合作社统一经营，集体劳动，合作社的收入扣除缴税、生产费用、公积金和公益金后的剩余部分，按劳动日平均分配，“多劳多得”，实行全面的按劳分配。在当时的生产力发展水平下，这种分配方式不能体现真正的公平和公正。由此，选择加入农业生产高级社，就会使农民个体对土地的所有权、直接占有权、自主经营使用权、排他性的收益权都丧失了，，农民的经济效用下降，对基本上处于传统农业水平的农村和农民来说，高级社是很难接受的。在1956年秋收分配前后，全国很多地区都出现拉牛退社现象，针对这一现象，政府对农业合作社生产资料公有化的范围进行了迅速的调整，并对经营方式等做了较大幅度的调整。本文的第六章，用经济学的斯勒茨基效应对各个阶段合作社的特点进行分析，农民在合作社各个阶段获得利益的多少与选择入退社的态度都是可以从经济学的斯勒茨基效应反映出来的。解释了农户对入社态度转变的经济学原因。本文最后一章是一些总结与启示。50年代农业合作化运动中的理论、原则、制度、管理等经验，对当今我国社会主义合作化建设具有重要的借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:The agricultural cooperative movement in 1950s is a profound change in the rural society of our country. It has successfully realized the transformation from the private economy to the socialist collective economy. This historical process, due to a series of immature theoretical guidance, failed to achieve the perfect result, but the conditions and objectives, lessons and history of its occurrence. Status is of great historic significance to today's social and economic construction.
The movement of agricultural cooperation began at the beginning of the founding of new China. It was developed on the basis of mutual assistance and cooperation in Jiefang District. After the land reform, farmers have acquired the land, the economic status is rising, and the tendency of agricultural transformation occurs. However, some farmers are still living in poverty and the rural production data are generally lacking. A variety of mutual assistance groups have been set up in the rural areas. Through the demonstration effect of the excellent mutual aid group and the continuous enrichment of the new content by the mutual aid group, the agricultural production has been greatly improved and the state vigorously supports the mutual assistance group, thus promoting the rapid development of the mutual aid group after the liberation of the country. Development.
From 1949 to 1952 is the initial stage of the mutual aid group. The mutual aid group is a loose labor mutual cooperation organization formed by the peasants on the basis of individual private ownership, voluntarily and spontaneously. It is the individual ownership of the land and other production data by the individual farmers, which are established at the same time of abolishing the land ownership of the feudal landlords. Mutual aid and cooperation make up for the defects of the shortage of labor force, and ensure that the economic utility of the farmers in the mutual aid group has been improved. Therefore, the farmers are actively responding from the single stem to joining the mutual aid group.
From 1953 to the first half of 1955, it was the development stage of the primary agricultural production cooperative. The transformation of the mutual aid group to the primary agricultural production cooperative, the main reason for the subjective ideology was that the Communist Party of China introduced the Marxism Leninism cooperative thought into the new China Agricultural Cooperative Movement and guided its own practice. The central leader, represented by Mao Zedong, thinks that the agricultural cooperatives are not only superior to individual farmers but also a feasible way for the transition of small farmers to socialism. Mao Zedong's consciousness becomes the mainstream consciousness of the party. His preference for cooperatives will inevitably determine the direction of the development of the cooperative movement. The objective reason is that 1953 The year is the first year of the large-scale construction of the national economy, the increase in industrial grain consumption, the rapid increase in the industrial population and the urban population, the increase in the demand for grain; at the same time, the living standards of farmers have improved and the consumption of grain is increasing. On the one hand, the total grain demand has risen sharply, on the other hand, In order to solve the purchase and sale crisis of grain, the State implements the policy of unified purchase and marketing in order to guarantee the purchase of agricultural products at low prices, the state monopoly market and the compulsory cancellation of the free market for agricultural products. In this context, in the second half of 1955, the climax of agricultural cooperation was unveiled in China's rural areas.
Although this stage, the state has not obtained the "consensus agreement" of the peasants, but the way of forcing the peasants to enter the society by forced orders, and then use the cooperative form of the cooperative rural economic organization to reduce the transaction cost, obtain a large amount of economic surplus of farmers, and support the development of heavy industry, so that the farmers should obtain the economy. The level of welfare is greatly reduced. But, except for the earth, farmers still have the ownership of other major production materials. In this way, farmers can obtain different remuneration returns according to the quantity and quality of the production data after entering the society. On this basis, the individual income of farmers is also made up of two parts, the first is the ownership of land. Two of the land remuneration is labor remuneration. Although the primary production cooperatives reduce the economic efficiency of the farmers, it is more advantageous than doing so alone.
In 1956, the second high tide of agricultural cooperation was ushered in, and the agricultural production advanced society developed rapidly. Compared with the primary society, the degree of public ownership of the advanced society was greatly improved. The main production materials such as farmers' land, farm animals and large farm implements must be changed from private to collective ownership, only reserved land determined according to the population. It has become a common form of property rights of the co-operatives; moreover, the cooperative operation, collective labor, income deduction of cooperatives, production costs, accumulation fund and the surplus of public welfare gold are distributed according to labor day average, "more labor", and a comprehensive distribution according to work. This distribution mode at the level of productivity development at that time. It can not reflect the real fairness and impartiality. Thus, choosing to join the advanced agricultural production society will make the farmers' ownership of the land, the right to occupy the land directly, the right to operate independently, the exclusive income rights are lost, the economic utility of the peasants fall, and the high society is very good to the rural and farmers who are basically in the traditional agricultural level. It is difficult to accept. In 1956, before and after the allocation of autumn harvest, the phenomenon of withdrawal of cattle has appeared in many regions of the country. In view of this phenomenon, the government has made a rapid adjustment to the scope of the public production of agricultural cooperatives and made a great adjustment to the mode of operation.
The sixth chapter of this paper analyzes the characteristics of the cooperatives in various stages with the slitsky effect of economics. The attitude of farmers in the various stages of the cooperatives and the attitude of choosing to return to the society can be reflected from the slitsky effect of economics. The economic reasons for the change of farmers' attitude towards the entry into the society are explained.
The last chapter of this article is the experience of the theory, principle, system and management in the agricultural cooperative movement of.50 years, which is of great significance to the construction of socialist cooperative construction in our country.

【学位授予单位】：贵州财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K27;F329

【参考文献】