北洋政府时期京师警察厅研究

发布时间：2018-05-17 06:39

本文选题：京师警察厅 + 北洋政府时期　；参考：《中国社会科学院研究生院》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：北京作为清政府的政治中心,在进入近代以后,伴随城市结构的变化,特别是城市人口的发展和功能的扩展,城市生活日益丰富复杂,其传统社会秩序也开始逐渐发生变化,传统的控制方法日益显出支绌而难以应付。1900年的义和团运动和八国联军入侵更是直接导致了北京原有城市秩序混乱、社会失控。清政府为维护社会秩序,稳定政权统治,效仿西方的近代警察制度,在北京开始办理警政。袁世凯夺取政权后,非常重视北京警政的建设,在前清内、外城巡警总厅的基础上改组成立了京师警察厅,专门负责北京城郊地方警察行政事务。京师警察厅及其辖属机构经过不断地调整和充实,在职能规划、组织体制、人事制度等各方面都更适应时局的需要,在维持北京地区社会秩序的过程中发挥了重要作用。对于警政相关问题的研究,学界普遍仅仅关注警察维持社会治安的职能,但北洋政府时期警察的职能与南京政府时期以及新中国成立后的警察职能有很大的不同,其中最明显的区别是职能相当广泛。以北洋政府时期作为全国表率的京师警察厅为例进行分析,其职能除了负责基本的人口管理、公共场所管理、危险物品管理、交通管理、社会风气管理、消防管理等治安事务外,还大量参与房地管理、税收管理、医疗行业管理和公共卫生管理等市政事务,甚至还参与了大量的贫民、妇女、儿童的救助和教养等慈善事务。概括地说,北洋政府时期的京师警察厅同时承担着三重职能:维护地方治安、进行城市管理和施行慈善救助,并且这三种职能同等重要,并没有只重视治安职能而忽视市政职能和慈善职能。对于这一时期警察职能的广泛性,只有个别学者在研究中简单提及,并没有依据史料详细论证,亦没有进一步分析这种职能的影响。本文以当时的报纸、档案、期刊为基本史料,详细考察了北洋政府时期京师警察厅的多重职能,并分析了这种职能对民众生活、城市社会以及政府统治权力的深层影响,弥补了中国近代警察史研究的部分不足,也展现出了转型阶段城市社会的复杂面相。北洋政府时期京师警察厅个案的研究显示,警察职能的广泛性,使警察的活动与市民生活的衣、食、住、行、用,甚至家庭内部事务和个人道德等多方面产生密切联系,使警察机构成为与社会民众联系最为密切的官方机构。警察为规范民众社会生活制定了各项规章制度,这些规章制度对人们的行为总是有所限制,对于长期以来崇尚自我调控的城市居民来说,这些干预使他们感到诸多不便。加上处于初步发展阶段的警察制度本身出现的一些问题,警察规章制度在具体执行过程中遭遇不少困难,甚至有些方面还面临着民众的强烈指责和反对。但对于初步发展阶段的近代警政来说,更为重要的是,警察因维护社会秩序、保护民众安全以及提供大量的社会服务得到了社会民众的基本认可,并通过不断的努力加深了民众对警察这一新生事物的认识。京师警察厅职责广泛,扮演着多种角色,承担着多种任务,这些任务在此之前由多个政府部门和一些非官方的地方组织和团体实施。警察机构成立后,这些任务综合由警察来承担。这种由警察机构包揽城市综合管理的情况并不为北京所独有,而是代表了20世纪初中国城市管理的一个发展趋势。换句话说,这是当时时代所造成的特点。警察机构职能的广泛,与其说是由于在中国出现时间较短而发展不完善,不如说是适应晚清以降城市近代化发展过程中综合管理的实际需要。这种多重角色容易造成权限模糊,职责不清,在一定程度上还影响了警察的效率,但应认识到,警察的出现对于处在向近代化发展过程中的中国城市具有非常重要的意义。虽为多重管理,但至少使中国的城市有了一个专门化的管理机构,这成为一种城市管理新方法,也反映了近代化进程中城市管理专业化的发展趋势。另外,由于近代警政的发展,城市大的区域被划分为单位更小的警区来进行直接管理,便产生了现代城市中“区”的概念,为后来城市引入现代化的“区”这个概念作为正式的基层行政单位奠定了基础,这也代表了现代化过程中城市管理的发展进步。京师警察厅通过发挥多种职能,在当时的社会中扮演着多重角色,除了全方位地影响和规范了民众社会生活外,还是政府进行社会控制的有力工具。警察在社会民众生活中的渗透越大,控制的社会活动范围也就越大,其社会约束力也就越强。北洋政府时期警察如此宽泛的职能,使得政府以维持社会秩序为名的强制性社会干预合法化了。同时,警察全方位地介入民众社会生活也改变了传统社会的控制方式,及传统控制方式在民众思想中根深蒂固的影响。更重要的是,由于警察的出现,从城市开始,中国逐渐由一个“自助”管理式的社会转变为一个由警察控制和社会生活受到种种条文约束的社会。警察权力来源于国家权力,警察控制面的扩大和渗透也就意味着国家控制权力逐渐深入到了城市民众社会生活内部。
[Abstract]:As the political center of the Qing government, Beijing is a political center of the Qing Dynasty. With the change of urban structure, especially the development of urban population and the expansion of its function, the urban life is increasingly rich and complex, and the traditional social order has gradually changed. The traditional control method is becoming more and more difficult to cope with the Boxer Movement in.1900 years. The invasion of the coalition forces of the eight countries directly led to the confusion of the original urban order and out of control of the society in Beijing. In order to maintain social order and stabilize the rule of the regime, the Qing government began to deal with the police in Beijing, imitated the modern police system in the West.
After Yuan Shikai took power, he paid great attention to the construction of Beijing police administration. On the basis of the general Hall of the foreign city patrols in the Qing Dynasty, the Beijing Normal police hall was set up in the Qing Dynasty, which was specially responsible for the administrative affairs of the local police in the suburb of Beijing. The Beijing Normal police hall and its affiliated institutions were constantly adjusted and enriched, the working energy planning, the organization system, the personnel system and so on. All of them are more suited to the needs of the current situation and play an important role in maintaining the social order in Beijing.
As for the research on the related issues of police and administration, the academic circles pay attention to the functions of the police to maintain social security, but the functions of the police in the period of the Beiyang government are very different from the police functions of the Nanjing government and after the founding of new China. The most obvious difference is that the functions of the police are quite wide. As an example, the function of the Department of police and police was analyzed. In addition to the basic population management, public place management, dangerous goods management, traffic management, social atmosphere management, fire management and other public security affairs, it also participated in a large number of municipal affairs, such as real estate management, tax management, medical industry management and public health management, and even participated in a large number of affairs. In general, the Beijing Normal police office of the Beiyang government took three functions at the same time: maintaining local public security, carrying out urban management and carrying out charity assistance, and the three functions were equally important, and did not ignore the functions of the public security and ignored the municipal and charitable functions. In this period, the functions of the police are widely used, only a few scholars have briefly mentioned it in the study, and have not further analyzed the influence of this function according to the historical data. This paper, taking the newspapers, archives and periodicals as the basic historical materials, examined the multiple functions of the Beijing normal police hall in the period of the Beiyang government and analyzed this kind of job. The deep influence on the life of the people, the urban society and the power of the government has made up for the deficiency of the research on the history of the modern Chinese police and the complex face of the urban society at the transitional stage.
The study of the case of the police hall in the Beiyang government shows that the extensive police function makes the police activities closely related to the people's life, such as clothing, food, living, use, even internal affairs and personal morality, so that the police have become the most closely linked official organization with the public. Rules and regulations have been formulated in social life. These rules and regulations are always limited to people's behavior. These interventions have made them feel a lot of inconvenience to the city dwellers who have long advocated self-regulation. In the course of the process, there are many difficulties, and even some aspects are faced with the strong criticism and opposition of the people. But for the modern police administration in the initial stage of development, it is more important that the police have received the basic recognition of the social people for maintaining the social order, protecting the public security and providing a large number of social services, and through continuous efforts. It has deepened public awareness of the new police.
The police office has a wide range of responsibilities, playing a variety of roles and undertaking a variety of tasks. These tasks were carried out by a number of government departments and some unofficial local organizations and groups. After the establishment of the police agency, these tasks were carried out by the police. The situation of the comprehensive management of the city by the police is not for Beijing. It is unique, but represents a trend of urban management in China at the beginning of the twentieth Century. In other words, it is the characteristic of the time. The extensive function of the police agency is not so much as a short time in China, so it is better to adapt to the practical needs of the late Qing Dynasty in the process of reducing the modern development of the city. This multiplicity of roles can easily lead to blurred authority and unclear responsibility and to some extent affect the efficiency of the police, but it should be realized that the emergence of the police is of great significance to the Chinese cities in the process of modern development. As a new way of urban management, it also reflects the development trend of the specialization of urban management in the process of modernization. In addition, because of the development of modern police administration, the large area of the city is divided into smaller police areas to be managed directly, and the concept of "district" in the modern city is produced, and the modernization of the city is introduced to the later cities. The concept of "district" has laid the foundation for formal grass-roots administrative units, which also represents the development and progress of urban management in the process of modernization.
By playing a variety of functions and playing multiple roles in the society at that time, the police hall of the teachers' teachers' department has played a multiple role in the society at that time. In addition to affecting and standardizing the social life of the people in all directions, it is also a powerful tool for the government to carry out social control. The greater the penetration of the police in the life of the public, the greater the scope of the social activities controlled by the police and its social binding force as well. The stronger the power of the police in the period of the Beiyang government, the mandatory social intervention called by the government to maintain social order was legalized. At the same time, the full intervention of the police in the social life of the public has also changed the control mode of the traditional society and the deep-rooted influence of the traditional control mode in the people's thought. Since the emergence of the police, from the beginning of the city, China has gradually changed from a "self-help" management society to a society controlled by the police and social life by various provisions. The power of the police is derived from the power of the state. The expansion and infiltration of the control surface of the police means that the state's control power has gradually penetrated into the urban mass society. It's going to live inside.
【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K258

【引证文献】