晚清洋务学堂（1862-1901）教育经费研究

发布时间：2018-06-21 09:13

本文选题：晚清 + 洋务学堂　；参考：《西北师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：晚清洋务学堂教育作为一种教育思想、教育理论或教育学说而产生,是一定经济和社会发展的产物,是时代的产物。它因洋务运动的内在需要而起,又推进了洋务运动的历史开展,在中国教育史上占有非常重要的地位。本文旨在以经费研究为视角,来系统论述洋务学堂教育经费配置问题,并就经费配置给予客观评价,以此来展现洋务学堂教育对中国教育近代化所产生的影响。洋务学堂兴办面临的首要问题是经费筹措,在筹措过程中面临诸多实际困难。首先,洋务学堂的突发性和特殊性使得定项定额分配的封建教育经费体制无法使用于新式学堂;其次,晚清国库财政形势恶化,政府无力顾及洋务学堂兴办,进一步加剧了经费筹措难度。面对时局之艰难,洋务学堂经费筹措之重任就落在地方督抚和中央各职能部门肩上,他们为新式教育的投资揭开了序幕。究其原因,一方面国家权力开始下放,洋务大臣开始具有财政收支权力,这为学堂经费调拨提供了政治保障;另一方面,稳定增长的海关税收在这一时期虽属国家经费,但管理之权不属于户部,而是总理衙门,洋务大臣实为拨发这一款项的决策者和执行者,这一便利条件使海关税收成为洋务学堂经费来源支柱。洋务学堂是否健康、规范、稳定向前发展,很大程度上取决于教育经费使用效率。洋务学堂在开办近四十余年中,经费分配制度随着学堂各项制度的发展而日渐完善。经费开支辐射学堂各个层面,包括“馆政”、“掌教”、“学生”、“教育基建”等层面,前三个层面中,经费主要用于管理人员、教习、学生的薪金、生活待遇、出国留学及奖励;第四个层面经费主要用于学馆建设和日常办公之必需品。在学堂开办过程中,经费分配制度据学堂具体情况适时做出调整,进而确保整个学堂顺利进行。从对教育各层面的具体投资可看出,随着时局之变化,清廷官员思想亦在变,对教育的重视程度也较以前明显。洋务学堂经费配置在当时背景下具有其合理性,保障学堂顺利开展,实现了广育人才之目的,同时也为我国近代新式教育经费配置提供了借鉴作用。在肯定其合理性时也应看到其不足,洋务学堂是新兴事物,就经费配置而言,因无成例可循,无统一法令来规范,致使在经费筹措、使用方面出现经费投入总量不足、制度混乱、管理缺失等现象,一定程度上延缓了教育近代化进程。
[Abstract]:As a kind of educational thought, educational theory or pedagogy theory, the education of Westernization School in the late Qing Dynasty is the product of certain economic and social development and the product of the times. Because of the inherent need of the Westernization Movement, it promoted the development of the Westernization Movement and played a very important role in the history of Chinese education. The purpose of this paper is to systematically discuss the allocation of educational funds in Westernization schools from the perspective of funding research, and to give an objective evaluation of the allocation of funds, so as to show the influence of Westernization school education on the modernization of Chinese education. Raising funds is the most important problem in the establishment of Westernization School, and it faces many practical difficulties in the process of raising funds. First of all, the sudden and particularity of Westernization School made it impossible for the feudal educational fund system of fixed item quota allocation to be used in new-style schools. Secondly, the fiscal situation of the treasury of the late Qing Dynasty deteriorated, and the government was unable to take into account the establishment of Westernization School. This further exacerbates the difficulty of raising funds. In the face of the difficult situation, the burden of raising funds for Westernization School falls on the shoulders of the local governor and the central government departments, which opened the prelude to the investment in new education. On the one hand, the state power began to be decentralized, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs began to have the power of fiscal revenue and expenditure, which provided a political guarantee for the allocation of school funds. On the other hand, although the steady increase in customs revenue was state funds during this period, However, the power of administration does not belong to the Ministry of Household Affairs, but to the Premier's Yamen. The Minister of Westernization is the decision-maker and executor of the allocation of this money. This convenient condition makes the customs tax become the mainstay of the funding source for the Westernized School of study. Whether the Westernization School is healthy, standardized and stable depends to a great extent on the efficiency of the use of educational funds. In the past forty years, the system of allocation of funds has been improved with the development of the school. Expenditure on various levels of the radiation school, including "hall administration", "teaching", "students", "educational infrastructure" and so on. In the first three levels, the funds are mainly used for management staff, teaching and learning, salaries of students, and living conditions. Study abroad and reward; the fourth level of funding is mainly used for the building and daily office necessities. In the course of opening the school, the allocation system of funds is adjusted according to the specific conditions of the school, thus ensuring the smooth progress of the whole school. From the specific investment in all levels of education, it can be seen that with the change of the current situation, the ideology of the officials of the Qing government is also changing, and the degree of attention to education is more obvious than before. The allocation of funds of Westernization School has its rationality under the background of that time, which ensures the smooth development of the school, realizes the purpose of educating talents widely, and also provides a reference for the allocation of modern educational funds in modern China. In affirming its reasonableness, we should also see its inadequacies. The Westernization School is a new thing. As far as the allocation of funds is concerned, there is no rule to follow and no unified law to regulate it, resulting in insufficient total investment in raising funds and using them. System confusion and lack of management delay the process of education modernization to a certain extent.
【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K256

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