热河鸦片问题研究（1912-1933）

发布时间：2018-06-21 19:43

本文选题：民国初年 + 热河　；参考：《河北大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：民国时期热河地区地处边陲,常年处于各派军阀混战争夺之中。中央政令不行,法律亦是效力全失。自清末年至民初,热河地区军政费用却异常庞大,而该地区向来财源匮乏,军政费用难以为继,于是各派系军阀均视鸦片为其最大利源。尤其在袁世凯死后,北洋军阀分裂为多个派系,中央权威衰落。其后的历任热河都统更是拥兵自重、割据一方。在军阀的包庇下,民间私种成风、鸦片种植面积迅速扩大,军阀藉此从中抽收烟税,充当军政费用。对于军阀政权来说,财源是其拥兵自重的根本。汤玉麟时期,热河地区鸦片种植遍及全省,并且设立了负责管理鸦片事宜的专门机构——“热河禁烟总局”。由该机构负责全省范围内的鸦片种植、收税等。由于政府抽收的鸦片捐税日益繁重,致使热河农业、商业等日益萧条,出现农户大量逃忘现象,而热河地区的军、政费用又始终无法摆脱对鸦片捐税的依赖,于是无论是民间还是政府都对鸦片有着严重的依赖。农民为了摆脱贫困而种植鸦片,政府从中抽取重税。农民为抵补税收,于是不断扩大种植面积,而政府以此不断加重鸦片捐税。农民从而衍变为“越种越穷,越穷越种”、政府则变成“越征越重、越重越征”的局面。于是形成恶性循环,二者互为因果,相互依存,可以说近代热河社会的落后与鸦片的泛滥有着直接的关系。本文共分4部分: 第一部分,对罂粟传入热河地区的时间、种植情况以及清末热河地区禁烟政策进行探讨。明确罂粟传入热河的时间范围和该地区此一时期罂粟种植面积情况。第二部分,对民国建立后热河地区的鸦片禁政、开禁时间以及种植、贩运走私情况进行分析。明确热河鸦片开禁时间、种植情况上的变化以及各类贩运走私情形。第三部分,热河地区鸦片泛滥在汤玉麟主政时期达到高潮。本部分内容是对汤玉麟时期热河地区的各类鸦片政策进行分析,对此一时期鸦片种植面积及鸦片收入做出推断。第四部分,主要分析鸦片泛滥给热河地区社会造成的各种影响。
[Abstract]:In the period of the Republic of China, the Jehol area was located in the border area, and was in the scramble of various warlords all the year round. The central government order is not good, and the law is totally ineffective. From the late Qing Dynasty to the beginning of the Republic of China, the military and government expenses in the Jehol area were extremely large, but the region was always short of money, and the military and government expenses could not be sustained, so the warlords of all factions regarded opium as their greatest profit source. Especially after Yuan Shikai's death, the Northern warlords split into factions and central authority declined. Since then, all the successive Jehol is the support of the armed forces and respect, the separation of one side. Under the cover of warlords, private cultivation became popular, opium growing area expanded rapidly, and warlords took advantage of it to collect tobacco tax and serve as military and administrative expenses. For the warlord regime, the source of money is the root of its military self-respect. In the period of Tang Yu-lin, the Jehol region was cultivated all over the province, and set up a special organization in charge of opium management, the General Administration of Tobacco Prohibition. The agency is responsible for opium cultivation, taxation, and so on throughout the province. Owing to the increasing burden of opium tax collected by the government, the agriculture and commerce of Jehol became increasingly depressed, and a large number of farmers fled and forgot, and the military and government expenses in the Jehol region were always unable to get rid of their dependence on opium taxes. Therefore, both the civil and the government are heavily dependent on opium. In order to get rid of poverty and grow opium, the government takes heavy taxes from it. Farmers to cover the tax, so that the growing area, and the government continues to increase opium taxes. As a result, the peasants became "poorer and poorer," and the government became "more and more, more and more." Therefore, a vicious circle was formed, the two being causality and interdependence. It can be said that the backwardness of modern Jehol society has a direct relationship with the spread of opium. This paper is divided into four parts: the first part, the introduction of opium poppy into Jehe region, cultivation situation and smoking control policy in the end of Qing Dynasty. To determine the time range of opium poppy into Jehol and the area of opium poppy cultivation in this period. The second part analyzes the regime of opium ban, the time of opening ban, cultivation and smuggling after the establishment of the Republic of China. Clear about the opening and banning time of opium, the change of cultivation situation and various kinds of trafficking and smuggling situation. The third part, the flood of opium in Jehol region reached its climax during the reign of Tang Yu-lin. This part is to analyze all kinds of opium policies during the period of Tang Yu-lin, and to infer the area of opium cultivation and the income of opium in this period. The fourth part mainly analyzes the influence of opium flooding on the society in Jehol region.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K258;F326.12

【引证文献】