曾国藩治家思想研究

发布时间：2018-06-30 08:34

本文选题：曾国藩 + 治家思想　；参考：《安徽大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】：“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”,在中国古代,齐家历来被看作是治国平天下的重要前提。曾国藩是清王朝道光后的名儒重臣,深受传统文化的洗礼,他一生十分重视家庭的治理。虽然他没有一部完整的如《颜氏家训》这样的治家文本,但从曾国藩留给我们的历史资料,特别是他的家书及一些诗文中,我们可以看到他的丰富的治家思想。中国是一个重伦理道德的国度,而家庭伦理道德在社会伦理关系中是有着很重要的地位,曾国藩的家庭伦理思想表现在多个方面,在孝的方面主张“养亲以得欢心为本”。认为“绝大学问即在家庭日用之间,于孝弟两字上尽一分便是一分学,尽十分便是十分学”,甚而认为“科名之所以可贵者,谓其足以承堂上之欢也,谓禄仕可以养亲也。”为此,他要求勤敬问安、竭力养亲、尽忠显亲等。在兄弟伦理上主张“爱之以德”,重在德业相劝,耻于丰衣美食：强调和睦,但并不是不讲原则,而是互相砥砺,明责婉劝,以期有成。对待戚族,主张视如一家,对困难戚族时常予以周济。在家庭生产消费思想上,曾国藩主张勤于农业生产,俭于消费,他把生产活动作为观测一个家庭兴衰的标志。他重视认识劳动的本质和意义,提出劳动是作为人立足社会的前提,防止后代流入“骄奢”一途。由此可以看出他对官宦家庭子女成长的不利环境的深刻认识,并在家庭生产消费中以“勤俭”来严格要求他们。在子弟教育思想上,曾国藩主张绝大多数人成才都是靠教育得来,教育要旨在于读书明理,不愿子孙以读书做官为目标。教育子弟为学首先要“有志”、“有识”、“有恒”。在教育方法上要因材施教,对禀赋不高者,主张放弃八股科考,而专攻有用的学业,同时要慎重择师交友。读书还须讲求方法,“读书之法,看、读、写、作,四者每日不可缺一”。在养生思想方面,曾国藩认为“古之言孝者,专以保身为重”,在主张良好的生活规律、生活习惯和生活态度的同时,强调通过治心而治病,以惩忿窒欲为养生要诀,“富贵功名皆人世浮荣,惟胸次浩大是真正受用”。通过对曾国藩家书的文献资料的分析,我们可以看出,曾国藩治家思想的形成,一是家风渊源,他祖父“未明而起”、“始慕乡学”及敢任公事的乡绅精神,他父亲“以孝闻”,还有他祖母及母亲任劳任怨和倔强的行为及人格精神都对曾国藩治家思想产生积极影响,他为官后对兄弟子侄的教育时常以祖父的言行为依归,他提炼的治家“八字诀”,“八本堂”也是对祖父治家经验的总结。二是传统文化中家规、家训的影响。三是仕宦无常,官爵之不可恃,统治者的猜忌,官场时遇掣肘,战争的残酷使他认识到功名富贵的不可长久持续,但求耕读传家。三是当时社会的动荡背景,“一家饱暖千家怨”,富贵太过显露,实非保家之道。保持平常耕读之家就是为了免于“觊觎”和“抢掠”。还有曾国藩本人丰富的人生实践阅历也是形成曾国藩治家思想的社会原因之一军事活动中的实践告诉他,只有自己的奋斗才靠得住,科举并不能培养于世有补之人才,认识到学有材技的重要,主张改革旧的教育内容、教育方法。分析曾国藩的治家思想,我们可以看出他将传统儒学中的内圣思想贯穿于治家之中,他的治家思想来源于儒家思想文化。一是仁爱胸怀,他认为君子要“入而供弟子之职,出而力王家,勤民事”、“民胞物与”、“悲天命而悯人穷”,这正是儒家“仁”为人之根本的表达。二是中庸之道,他时刻教训兄弟子侄不去追求“显赫”、“豪华”,对兄弟封侯惴惴不安,对子侄的骄态和不俭朴更是直言不讳；他宁愿欠账,也要周济戚族朋友,以“求阙”；他权绾四省,却常常想着去官归乡……等等如此之想,是因为他认为“满盈致吝”。三是自强之精神,认为“倔强二字,却不可少”,在困境中要“徐图自强”。曾国藩的治家思想是时代的产物,体现了他处于封建社会末期,作为当时精英分子为人处事的原则,他所主张的治家思想对今天依然有很多借鉴意义,特别是在市场经济条件下,如何处理家庭伦理关系,如何教育子女,如何处理个人与社会种种关系,从而对构建和谐社会都有重要的理论和现实意义。
[Abstract]:In ancient China, Qi family has always been regarded as an important prerequisite for ruling the country and the world. Zeng Guofan was a famous Confucian official after the Qing Dynasty. He was deeply influenced by the traditional culture. He paid great attention to the governance of the family in his life. Although he did not have a complete family text like "Yan's family training", he had never been able to do so. We can see his rich family management thoughts from his historical materials, especially his letters and poems.
China is a country with heavy ethics and ethics, and family ethics has a very important position in social ethics. Zeng Guofan's family ethics is manifested in many aspects. In the aspect of filial piety, it advocates "raising relatives with joy". In this way, he claims that "the name of the name is enough to bear the pleasure of the hall," he said, "the name is enough to bear the pleasure of the hall." They do not talk about principles, but reinforce each other and make clear their responsibilities. They should treat each other as a family. They often give Zhou Ji to the difficult Qi people.
In the thought of family production and consumption, Zeng Guofan advocated the diligent agricultural production and the consumption. He regarded production activities as a symbol of the prosperity and decline of a family. He attached great importance to the understanding of the essence and significance of labor, and put forward that labor was a prerequisite for people to base themselves on the society and prevented their descendants from flowing into the "luxury". A deep understanding of the unfavorable environment for women's growth and strict demands for them in family production and consumption.
In the education thought of the children, Zeng Guofan advocated that the overwhelming majority of the people were educated by education. The main purpose of education was to read and understand and not to study as an official. To specialize in useful studies, at the same time, be careful to choose friends. Teachers need to pay attention to reading methods. "Reading, reading, reading, writing and writing are four indispensable elements."
In terms of health care, Zeng Guofan believes that "the ancient words of filial piety are specially guaranteed to be weighed". In advocating good life laws, living habits and life attitudes, it emphasizes the treatment of the heart through the treatment of the heart.
Through the analysis of the literature of Zeng Guofan's family book, we can see that the formation of Zeng Guofan's family thought is the origin of family style, his grandfather is "unaware", "beginning to admire the countryside" and the spirit of the gentry, who dare to take office as a public affair, his father "smelling of filial piety", and his grandmother and her parent's stubbornness and stubbornness and personality spirit The idea of a statesman has a positive influence. His education of his brother's nephew is often attributed to his grandfather's speech. His "eight words" and "eight halls" are also a summary of his grandfather's experience. The two is the family rules and the influence of family training in the traditional culture. Three is the official officials' impermanence, the rulers' jealousy, the officials. The cruelty of the war made him realize that the fame and fortune could not be sustained for a long time, but that he had to read and read the family. Three was the turbulent background of the society at that time. The experience of life practice is also one of the social reasons that formed Zeng Guofan's family thought. The practice in the military activities tells him that only his own struggle can be depended on. The imperial examination can not be cultivated in the world with a supplementary talent, recognizing the importance of learning to have material skills, and advocating the reform of the old educational contents and methods of education.
In the analysis of Zeng Guofan's family thought, we can see that he runs through the traditional Confucianism in his family, and his family thought comes from the Confucian culture. It is the fundamental expression of the Confucian "benevolence". Two is the doctrine of the mean. He always teaches his brother's nephew not to pursue "eminence" and "Deluxe". He is apprehensive to his brother and his nephew's arrogance and without frugality; he would rather owe his account, but also try to help his friends and friends to "ask for no"; he often thinks of the four provinces. Official homecoming, and so on, and so on, because he thinks "full of stingy." three is the spirit of self-reliance, "stubborn two words, but not less", in the predicament, "Xu Tu self strength".
Zeng Guofan's family thought is the product of the times, which embodies the principle that he is at the end of the feudal society, as the principle of the elite of the time, and the idea of his family management still has a lot of reference for today, especially in the market economy, how to deal with the family relations, how to educate the children and how to deal with the individual and the society. All kinds of relationships will have important theoretical and practical significance for building a harmonious society.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K252

【参考文献】