南京国民政府时期中小学公民教育研究

发布时间：2018-08-06 19:11

【摘要】：公民教育是西方民主政治的产物，是通过公民知识的学习和公民行为的训练以培养社会明达公民的手段。在民国建立后的十几年里，逐渐从产生到发展，从综合到分化，社会对公民教育的认识也逐渐清晰。1922年，“壬午学制”出台，公民科得以设立，取代了中国传统的修身科，成为中小学系统实施公民教育的中心课程，中国公民教育产生并得到发展。学术界对民国前期公民教育的相关研究已比较多见，而对1927年南京国民政府成立之后的公民教育考察则相对薄弱。为更好地了解南京国民政府时期公民教育的具体实施情况，论文共分七个部分。第一部分对与公民教育容易混淆的几个概念做出澄清，然后回顾了清末至民国前期中国公民教育由萌芽到产生、发展的过程。第二部分论述南京国民政府成立初期，党义科代替公民科等相关问题。党义科相对于公民科，范围过于狭窄，最终被撤销。但党义教育作为中小学教育的指导方针，始终不变。第三部分主要考察1932年公民科重新设立以后，小学公民训练的相关政策、实施及小学公民知识的学习。1933年，教育部颁布《小学公民训练标准》，使小学公民训练课程更加清晰、规范、系统。此后，根据不断变化的国家和社会形势加以修订，使之更加符合实际需要。小学除设立专门的公民训练以外，公民知识的学习也不可忽视。初小公民知识融入常识科中，高小公民科归入社会科。第四部分主要考察中学公民科的设立、课程标准、教学内容的变化及中学训育活动。1934年，《中学公民课程标准》颁布，公民科内容细致，，繁多，突出国家和民族观念的培养。此后，中学课程标准历经修订，公民科一直得到保留和延续。中学除公民科外，训育也在发挥着自己的效用，可以作为辅助完成公民教育的手段。第五部分论述童子军训练和学生自治这两种专门的公民教育形式。作为训育的组成部分，童子军训练和学生自治又可视为专门的公民教育，发挥着自己独有的效用。第六部分论述中小学公民教育的补充形式和其他途径。除了公民教育的中心课程公民科以外，国文、历史、地理三科也是公民教育的重要领域，依据各自的学科特点渗透了大量的公民教育内容，对中小学生爱国观念的启发和国家民族意识的培养起了非常重要的推动作用。作为公民教育的补充，学校课外活动、社会活动，校歌、校训、校风的潜移默化，教师的言传身教等都是辅助完成公民教育不可缺少的一部分。第七部分总结了南京国民政府时期中小学公民教育的特点、经验、不足以及对当今公民教育的启示。南京国民政府时期,中小学公民教育在继承和发展民国前期公民教育的基础上，融入了国家和政党的意志，更为系统和规范。三民主义成为公民教育的宗旨,更加推崇中国固有道德。对学生进行爱国主义和民族主义的教育，特别是在抗日战争期间，很大程度上发挥了公民教育的效力，使爱国抗战的观念深入人心。这是南京国民政府公民教育值得肯定的地方。研究南京国民政府时期的公民教育，对当今公民教育的复兴和发展有不少启发和帮助，能够以史为鉴，继往开来。
[Abstract]:Civic education is the product of Western democratic politics. It is the means to cultivate the citizens of the society through the learning of civic knowledge and the training of civic behavior. In the decade after the establishment of the Republic of China, the awareness of the civic education is gradually clear from emergence to development, from synthesis to differentiation, and the social awareness of civic education has been gradually clear for.1922 years. With the establishment of Komi, it has replaced the traditional Chinese body repair department and became the central curriculum for the implementation of civic education in the primary and secondary school system. The Chinese civic education has been produced and developed. The academic circles have seen much related research on the civil education in the early Republic of China, while the civil education investigation after the 1927 Nanjing national government is relatively weak.
In order to better understand the specific implementation of civic education in the period of Nanjing national government, the paper is divided into seven parts.
The first part clarifies several concepts that are easy to confuse with civic education, and then reviews the process of Chinese citizenship education from the beginning of the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China, and the process of development.
The second part of the Nanjing national government in the early period of the founding of the party to replace the civil department and other related issues. Relative to the civil section, the scope of the party is too narrow, and eventually revoked. But the education of the party as the guiding principle of primary and secondary education is always the same.
The third part mainly examines the relevant policies, implementation of primary civic training and the learning of civic knowledge in primary school for.1933 years after the reestablishment of the civil department in 1932. The Ministry of Education promulgated the standard of civic training in primary schools, which makes the curriculum of primary civic training more clear, standardized and systematic. After that, it is revised according to the changing state and social situation. It is more in line with the practical needs. In addition to the establishment of special civic training in primary schools, the learning of civic knowledge can not be ignored. The knowledge of elementary citizens is integrated into the common sense section, and the high school of civil society is classified into the social section.
The fourth part mainly examines the establishment of the civic section of the middle school, the curriculum standards, the changes in the content of the teaching and the.1934 years of middle school education, the promulgation of the curriculum standard of the middle school citizens, the detailed content of the civil department and the cultivation of the national and national concepts. After that, the curriculum standard calendar of the middle school has been revised and the civil department has been retained and continued. Middle school except the public. Besides, discipline is also playing its own role and can be used as a means to assist civic education.
The fifth part discusses the two special forms of civic education in the training of boy scout and student autonomy. As part of the training, the training of scout and student autonomy can be regarded as a special citizen education, which plays its own unique utility.
The sixth part discusses the supplementary forms and other ways of civic education in primary and secondary schools. In addition to the civic education of civic education, the national literature, history and geography are also important areas of civic education. A large number of civic education contents have been permeated according to the characteristics of their respective disciplines, and the enlightening of the patriotic concept of primary and secondary school students and national national meaning are also discussed. As a supplement to civic education, the extracurricular activities, social activities, school anthem, school motto, the imperceptible change of the school style and the teachers' teaching and speaking are indispensable part of the completion of civic education.
The seventh part summarizes the characteristics, experience, inadequacy and Enlightenment of civic education in primary and secondary schools in the period of Nanjing national government. During the period of the national government of Nanjing, the civic education of primary and secondary schools was integrated into the will of the state and political parties on the basis of the civil education in the early period of the Republic of China, which was more systematic and standardized. For the purpose of civic education, the Chinese inherent morality is more admired. The education of patriotism and nationalism for students, especially during the war of resistance against Japan, has played a great role in the effectiveness of civic education, making the concept of patriotic resistance to war deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. This is a place worth affirming in the civil education of the national government of Nanjing. The study of the citizens of Nanjing. Civic education during the government period has a lot of inspiration and help for the revival and development of civic education, and can learn from history and carry forward the future.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K262.9;G639.29

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