华北农村向东三省移民问题（1897-1931）
发布时间：2018-08-21 09:04
【摘要】：移民活动是历史合力造成的,即迁出地的推力和迁入地的拉力等综合作用的结果。清末以降,华北地区人地矛盾非常突出,天灾人祸横行。水、旱、蝗灾与过重的土地赋税、高利贷、兵匪结合,如此失衡的社会统治秩序对原本就十分脆弱的小农经济造成了致命的打击。此一阶段,华北地区的工商业不甚发达,吸纳不了大量的离村农民,很多农民在华北几乎陷入绝境。而与华北在地缘上相邻的东北地区虽在清末放垦就已展开,但土地辽阔的东北北部在民初尚有大量荒地亟待开垦,同时,东北地方当局及日俄势力借助于东北丰富的农产和矿产资源大力促进农产品商品化和工矿业的近代化。东北地方为了吸纳大量的华北移民,也积极出台各种优惠措施。这些有利的因素对华北移民产生了极大的吸引力。 众多华北农村人口为生活所迫不得不去关外求生,20世纪20年代华北移民赴东北达到高峰,据何廉估算,1923年至1930年约有500余万人涌入东北。进入东北的移民体现出了流向的相对集中性和近邻优先的特征,移民往往比较集中的迁入某个特定地区,体力和财力有限的人就留在了东北南部。前期移民以青壮年为主,受东北种植业的季节性质和华北强烈的家族观念影响,很多移民在旧历年前后返乡省亲团聚、祭祀宗祖,使此段移民体现出了季节变动的趋势。随着时间推移,移民由单独移民向团体移民转变。 移民进入东北面临众多障碍,东北土地大量被原统治阶层和新兴的北洋军阀所瓜分,移民进入东北受经济等因素的限制,不易取得地权。横行的兵匪、高额的地租和高利贷都为华北移民在东北的生存和发展造成了威胁。 华北移民大量涌入东三省,到“九·一八事变”爆发之前的短短30年中,将地广人稀的东北尤其是北部地区很快转化为高度发展的农业区。农业发展为农产品的商品化生产提供了原料,东北的大豆产业在此时期执产业之牛耳,多余的农产品出口到很多国家。大量移民的涌入也给东北工业带来了可资利用的丰富劳动力资源,借助一战的有利契机,东北的工业也迎来了短暂的春天。以山东人为主体的华北移民吃苦耐劳、团结意识强,不畏艰险,行走于动荡的东北地区,在很多地区形成了“商帮”。 移民的到来促进了东北经济的发展,但人口的大量聚集不可避免的会产生各种社会问题,无业移民往往为匪为盗,影响了东北社会的稳定,移民性别比例严重失调引起的社会问题也不可小觑。华北青壮年大量移入东北,往往使原住地的土地大量撂荒,影响了华北地区的粮食安全。
[Abstract]:The migration activity is caused by the historical resultant force, that is, the thrust of moving out and the pulling force of moving in. At the end of Qing Dynasty, the contradiction between people and land in North China was very prominent, and natural and man-made disasters were rampant. The combination of floods, droughts, locust plagues and excessive land taxes, usury, soldiers and bandits has dealt a fatal blow to the already fragile smallholder economy. At this stage, the industry and commerce in North China were not very developed, and many peasants in North China were almost in a desperate situation because they could not absorb a large number of peasants from villages. Although the Northeast, which is geographically adjacent to North China, began to be reclaimed in the late Qing Dynasty, there are still a large number of wasteland to be reclaimed in the vast northern part of the Northeast at the beginning of the Republic of China. At the same time, The northeast local authorities and the Japanese and Russian forces greatly promoted the commercialization of agricultural products and the modernization of industrial and mining industry with the help of the abundant agricultural and mineral resources in Northeast China. Northeast area in order to absorb a large number of North China immigrants, also actively introduced a variety of preferential measures. These favorable factors have produced great attraction to North China immigrants. Many rural people in North China had to go to Guanwai to survive. In the 1920s, North China emigrated to the northeast to reach its peak. According to he Lian's estimate, more than five million people poured into the Northeast from 1923 to 1930. The migration into the Northeast reflects the characteristics of relative centralization of the flow direction and the priority of the nearest neighbor. Immigrants often move into a specific area more concentrated, and the people with limited physical strength and financial resources stay in the south of the Northeast. The early immigrants were mainly young and middle-aged, influenced by the seasonal nature of the northeast planting industry and the strong family concept in North China. Many immigrants returned to the province before and after the old calendar years to be reunited with their relatives, offering sacrifices to the ancestors of Zong, which made this period of immigrants reflect the trend of seasonal change. Over time, immigrants have shifted from individual to group migrants. There are many obstacles for immigrants to enter Northeast China. The land in Northeast China is divided up by the former ruling class and the emerging Northern warlords. The immigration into the Northeast is restricted by economic factors, so it is difficult to obtain land rights. Rampant soldiers and bandits, high land rent and usury all posed a threat to the survival and development of North China immigrants in Northeast China. A large number of migrants from North China poured into the three eastern provinces, and in the short 30 years before the "September 18th incident" broke out, the vast and sparsely populated northeast, especially the northern region, was quickly transformed into a highly developed agricultural region. The development of agriculture provides raw materials for the commercialization of agricultural products. In this period, the soybean industry in Northeast China held the brunt of the industry, and the surplus agricultural products were exported to many countries. The influx of a large number of immigrants also brought abundant labor resources to northeast industry. With the help of the favorable opportunity of World War I, northeast industry also ushered in a short spring. The migrants of North China, with Shandong as the main body, bear hardships and stand hard work, have strong sense of unity, do not fear difficulties and dangers, walk in the turbulent northeast region, and form the "Shang Gang" in many areas. The arrival of immigrants promoted the development of the economy in Northeast China, but the mass accumulation of population inevitably led to various social problems. The unemployed immigrants were often bandits and thieves, which affected the stability of the Northeast society. The social problems caused by the serious imbalance of the immigrant sex ratio should not be underestimated. The large number of young and middle-aged people in North China moved into the northeast, which often led to the abandonment of the original land, which affected the food security in North China.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K25
本文编号：2195229
[Abstract]:The migration activity is caused by the historical resultant force, that is, the thrust of moving out and the pulling force of moving in. At the end of Qing Dynasty, the contradiction between people and land in North China was very prominent, and natural and man-made disasters were rampant. The combination of floods, droughts, locust plagues and excessive land taxes, usury, soldiers and bandits has dealt a fatal blow to the already fragile smallholder economy. At this stage, the industry and commerce in North China were not very developed, and many peasants in North China were almost in a desperate situation because they could not absorb a large number of peasants from villages. Although the Northeast, which is geographically adjacent to North China, began to be reclaimed in the late Qing Dynasty, there are still a large number of wasteland to be reclaimed in the vast northern part of the Northeast at the beginning of the Republic of China. At the same time, The northeast local authorities and the Japanese and Russian forces greatly promoted the commercialization of agricultural products and the modernization of industrial and mining industry with the help of the abundant agricultural and mineral resources in Northeast China. Northeast area in order to absorb a large number of North China immigrants, also actively introduced a variety of preferential measures. These favorable factors have produced great attraction to North China immigrants. Many rural people in North China had to go to Guanwai to survive. In the 1920s, North China emigrated to the northeast to reach its peak. According to he Lian's estimate, more than five million people poured into the Northeast from 1923 to 1930. The migration into the Northeast reflects the characteristics of relative centralization of the flow direction and the priority of the nearest neighbor. Immigrants often move into a specific area more concentrated, and the people with limited physical strength and financial resources stay in the south of the Northeast. The early immigrants were mainly young and middle-aged, influenced by the seasonal nature of the northeast planting industry and the strong family concept in North China. Many immigrants returned to the province before and after the old calendar years to be reunited with their relatives, offering sacrifices to the ancestors of Zong, which made this period of immigrants reflect the trend of seasonal change. Over time, immigrants have shifted from individual to group migrants. There are many obstacles for immigrants to enter Northeast China. The land in Northeast China is divided up by the former ruling class and the emerging Northern warlords. The immigration into the Northeast is restricted by economic factors, so it is difficult to obtain land rights. Rampant soldiers and bandits, high land rent and usury all posed a threat to the survival and development of North China immigrants in Northeast China. A large number of migrants from North China poured into the three eastern provinces, and in the short 30 years before the "September 18th incident" broke out, the vast and sparsely populated northeast, especially the northern region, was quickly transformed into a highly developed agricultural region. The development of agriculture provides raw materials for the commercialization of agricultural products. In this period, the soybean industry in Northeast China held the brunt of the industry, and the surplus agricultural products were exported to many countries. The influx of a large number of immigrants also brought abundant labor resources to northeast industry. With the help of the favorable opportunity of World War I, northeast industry also ushered in a short spring. The migrants of North China, with Shandong as the main body, bear hardships and stand hard work, have strong sense of unity, do not fear difficulties and dangers, walk in the turbulent northeast region, and form the "Shang Gang" in many areas. The arrival of immigrants promoted the development of the economy in Northeast China, but the mass accumulation of population inevitably led to various social problems. The unemployed immigrants were often bandits and thieves, which affected the stability of the Northeast society. The social problems caused by the serious imbalance of the immigrant sex ratio should not be underestimated. The large number of young and middle-aged people in North China moved into the northeast, which often led to the abandonment of the original land, which affected the food security in North China.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K25
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