曾纪泽与中法越南交涉

发布时间：2018-09-10 08:37

【摘要】：自十九世纪中叶始，随着西方资本主义的殖民主义扩张，中国亦渐被卷入以欧美国家为主导的近代文明体系之中。其时，随着周边属国渐次沦为西方列强的殖民地，以清政府为中心的宗藩体制受到严重冲击，清政府对外交往活动的重心也转移到与西方列强的交涉当中来，中国外交也逐渐走向近代化。外交近代化过程中，驻外使臣随之出现，驻外使臣的派遣被视作是中国外交走向近代化的一个重要标志。曾纪泽便是驻外使臣群体的代表人物之一，他曾任驻英、法、俄三国公使，并在公使任上取得了极大成就。其中最为人所知的就是他改定中俄伊犁条约，挽回国家权益。除此之外，他在中法越南问题的交涉中，在中英鸦片加税免厘的交涉当中都出力不少。在与西方列强进行交涉时，曾纪泽辞令犀利、据理力争，力图最大程度地维护国家的利益和尊严。其在外交活动中运用某国国内的内部矛盾、运用欧洲各国之间的矛盾、利用西方国际法中的某些原则来达到维护本国国家利益的目的，卓识远见，实非时人所及。本文拟就曾纪泽在中法越南交涉活动展开论述。第一部分主要考察曾纪泽的早年学行，以及早年学行给他后期活动所带来的影响。第二部分，主要分析曾纪泽出使英、法时的国际形势，，从中、法两方面对中法关于越南问题的产生做一个理性的分析。第三部分，主要从曾纪泽对当时国际环境的认识把握、对法越《甲戌条约》的态度、围绕宗主权的往复辩诘、备战促和的实力外交主张、对黑旗军的态度、针对划界通商事的往复辩论、去任之后的持续关注等方面对曾氏参与中法越南交涉活动做细致的分析。第四部分，主要从清政府自身实力、清廷内外各方势力、法国政府对越南利益的执着等方面分析曾纪泽对法交涉失败的原因，兼论宗藩体制消亡以及外交近代化的必然性。
[Abstract]:Since the middle of the nineteenth century, with the colonial expansion of western capitalism, China has gradually been involved in the modern civilization system dominated by European and American countries. At that time, with the neighboring countries gradually becoming colonies of Western powers and the Suzerain-vassal system centered on the Qing government being seriously impacted, the focus of the Qing government's foreign exchanges was shifted to the negotiations with Western powers. China's diplomacy is also gradually moving towards modernization. In the process of diplomatic modernization, envoys stationed abroad appeared, and the dispatch of diplomatic envoys abroad was regarded as an important symbol of the modernization of Chinese diplomacy. Zeng Jize was one of the representatives of foreign envoys. He served as minister in Britain, France and Russia, and made great achievements as minister. One of the most well-known is that he changed the Sino-Russian Treaty of Ili to restore the rights and interests of the country. In addition, he made great efforts in the negotiation of Sino-French Vietnam issue and in the negotiation of the increase of opium tax and exemption in Britain and China. In his negotiations with Western powers, Zeng Jize was sharp and strident in his efforts to protect the interests and dignity of the country to the maximum extent. In its diplomatic activities, it makes use of the internal contradictions in a certain country, the contradictions among European countries, and some principles in western international law to achieve the purpose of safeguarding the national interests of one's own country. This article intends to discuss Zeng Jize's negotiation in Vietnam between China and France. The first part mainly examines Zeng Jize's early study and its influence on his later activities. The second part mainly analyzes the international situation of Zeng Ji-taek 's diplomatic mission to Britain and France, from which, France makes a rational analysis on the emergence of Sino-French problem about Vietnam. The third part, mainly from Zeng Jize's understanding of the international environment at that time, his attitude towards the Franco-Vietnamese "Jiaxu Treaty," and his attitude toward the Black Flag Army around the cross-examination of the patriarchal sovereignty, the diplomatic propositions of strength to promote war and peace, and his attitude towards the Black Flag Army. This paper makes a detailed analysis of Zeng's participation in Sino-French negotiations in Vietnam. The fourth part mainly analyzes the reasons of Zeng Jize's failure in the negotiation of France from the aspects of the Qing government's own strength, the forces inside and outside the Qing government, and the French government's persistence on the interests of Vietnam. It also discusses the inevitability of the demise of the suzerain-vassal system and the modernization of diplomacy.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K252

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