民国时期怀化地区自然灾害与防治对策研究

发布时间：2018-10-13 13:29

【摘要】：怀化地区位于湖南省西南部，自古就是一个自然灾害的多发区，民国以来，，灾害更加频仍。本文以民国时期为时间段，对怀化地区的自然灾害概况、特点、原因、影响以及防治对策，进行了深入细致和全面的研究与探讨。通过对民国时期怀化地区的自然灾害和救灾体制的研究，解析其中的经验与得失，以期为现代偏远落后地区社会救灾体制的构建提供有益的借鉴。民国时期，怀化地区的水灾、旱灾、虫灾、疫灾等各种自然灾害频繁肆虐，几乎无年不灾，呈现出广泛性、频发性和并发性的特点，给怀化各族人民带来深重灾难。严重的自然灾害不仅造成大量人口的死亡或逃亡，而且使农业生产遭受巨大损失与破坏，众多灾民终日生活在饥饿或死亡线上，身心健康受到严重摧残，加剧了社会的混乱无序。究其根源，既有自然环境方面的因素，也有社会方面的影响。怀化地区复杂多样的地形地质和气候条件是导致自然灾害易发的一个重要因素，但起决定作用的还是社会方面的原因：农村的生产力落后，经济衰弱；社会动荡不安，军阀争战割据；土匪横行，削弱了人民的抗灾的能力，这些都大大加剧了自然灾害的危害程度。面对频发的自然灾害以及所带来的严重社会影响，民国怀化地区社会各界采取相应救灾防灾措施来纾缓社会危机。从其救灾措施来看，基本上是依靠政府来进行的，整个救灾过程被置于政府的直接控制之下，依赖性救灾特征突显，灾民自救能力较弱。这种被动的救灾机制，在一定程度上制约了灾害防治的成效，体现出当时救灾体系的缺失。另外，一些专门的赈济机构的建立和现代科学技术的介入，对其灾害防治起到了一定的积极作用，也体现了近代化因素的增长。同时，民国时期怀化地区在防灾方面成效显著，说明人们逐渐认识到“防”重于“救”。这体现了当时救灾观念的进步，符合社会发展的要求。
[Abstract]:Huaihua region is located in the southwest of Hunan Province. It has been a natural disaster area since ancient times. Since the Republic of China, disasters have become more frequent. Taking the period of the Republic of China as the time period, this paper makes a thorough and thorough study and discussion on the general situation, characteristics, causes, effects and control countermeasures of natural disasters in Huaihua region. Through the study of natural disasters and disaster relief system in Huaihua area during the period of the Republic of China, this paper analyzes the experience, gain and loss, in order to provide useful reference for the construction of social disaster relief system in modern remote and backward areas. During the period of the Republic of China, the flood, drought, insect pest disaster, epidemic disaster and other natural disasters in Huaihua area were frequently raging, almost no year without disasters, showing the characteristics of extensive, frequent and concurrent, which brought about a serious disaster to the people of all nationalities in Huaihua. Serious natural disasters not only caused the death or flight of a large number of people, but also caused great losses and destruction to agricultural production, and many victims lived in hunger or death all day long and suffered severe physical and mental damage, Has exacerbated the social disorder. Its root cause, both natural environment factor, also has the social aspect influence. The complex and diverse terrain, geology and climatic conditions in Huaihua region are an important factor in the vulnerability to natural disasters, but it is the social factors that play a decisive role: rural productivity is backward, the economy is weak, and society is unstable. Warlords fought and divided, bandits, and weakened the people's ability to resist disasters, which greatly aggravated the harm caused by natural disasters. In the face of frequent natural disasters and serious social impact, various circles of society in Huaihua area of the Republic of China adopted corresponding disaster relief and disaster prevention measures to alleviate the social crisis. From the point of view of its disaster relief measures, it basically depends on the government, the whole disaster relief process is under the direct control of the government, the dependent disaster relief features are highlighted, and the ability of the victims to save themselves is relatively weak. This passive disaster relief mechanism, to a certain extent, restricts the effectiveness of disaster prevention and treatment, and reflects the lack of disaster relief system at that time. In addition, the establishment of some special relief organizations and the intervention of modern science and technology have played a positive role in disaster prevention and control, and also reflected the growth of modern factors. At the same time, Huaihua area in the Republic of China achieved remarkable results in disaster prevention, indicating that people gradually realized that "prevention" is more important than "rescue". This reflected the progress of the concept of disaster relief at that time, in line with the requirements of social development.
【学位授予单位】：湖南科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：X43;K258;D693

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