晚清中日商约与双边经贸关系研究

发布时间：2018-11-06 07:37

【摘要】：晚清中日商约体系既是近代中日条约体系的主体部分,也是探究两国经贸关系发展的重要切入点。它在《中日修好条规》、《马关条约》等政治性条约的基础上确立,同时又通过《通商章程》、《通商行船条约》及《通商行船续约》等经济性条约得以充实和丰富,为中日间的通商贸易提供了国际法理依据,决定了双边经济关系发展的方向。中国与日本是一水相隔的邻邦,自古通商颇为频繁。然而当世界历史迈入近代之后,因受西方势力在东亚地区扩张之冲击,两国间曾长期维持的民间友好贸易往来的局面随之而被打破。明治维新后的日本政府为尽快摆脱半殖民地性质、实现民族独立,于经济方面针对本土资源不足、市场狭小的缺陷,制定了面向海外、“贸易立国”方针于外交上则施行了“失之俄美,取偿于东亚”的欧美追随策略。由此便将资源丰富、市场广阔的中国大陆视为掠夺对象,力求从清政府处取得不平等利权以滋养其资本主义之发展。在经济与外交双重动机的驱使作用下,日本在对华问题上执着于通过订立商约以恢复官方贸易的同时,更多次流露出欲图仿效西方、攫取在华片面优厚待遇之野心。如此多方面因素的共同作用,便导致了晚清中日商约体系的演变不单受到两国实际经贸往来过程中所产生之矛盾摩擦的推动,还因触及欧美等国在东亚的诸多利益而遭致国际环境的制约与影响。由此导致中日商约体系的演变过程呈现出了自身所独有的特点,并促使以商约为政策性导向的双边贸易亦出现了阶段性与转折性的发展趋势。甲午战后,日本凭借武力取得了其梦寐以求的诸多在华特权,并通过1896年的《通商行船条约》重构了中日不平等商约体系,又于1903年强迫清政府接受《续约》而将该体系加以扩充与深化,从此对华进行大肆侵犯与掠夺。民族危机的深重逐渐激起了饱受剥削之苦的中国绅商的义愤,“二辰丸案”清政府官方外交的失败遂成为中国第一次民间抵制日货运动的导火索,广大中国民众在继抵制美货运动之后再次利用了这种具有近代民族主义性质的理性斗争形式,展现了对争取国家权益的信心和决心,推动了国民外交的兴起,从而为改变与废除中日间不平等的商约关系打下了坚实的民众基础。
[Abstract]:The Sino-Japanese commercial treaty system in the late Qing Dynasty is not only the main part of the Sino-Japanese treaty system in modern times, but also an important entry point for exploring the development of the economic and trade relations between the two countries. It was established on the basis of such political treaties as "Sino-Japanese repair regulations", "Treaty of Malaysia", and so on. At the same time, it was enriched and enriched by economic treaties such as "articles of Association for Commerce", "Treaty of Trade and Shipping" and "contract renewal of commercial vessels". It provides an international legal basis for Sino-Japanese trade and determines the development direction of bilateral economic relations. China and Japan are neighbors separated by water, and trade has been frequent since ancient times. However, when the world history entered modern times, the situation of the friendly trade between the two countries, which had been maintained for a long time, was broken because of the impact of the expansion of Western forces in East Asia. In order to get rid of the semi-colonial nature and realize national independence as soon as possible after the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government formulated an overseas policy in view of the shortage of local resources and the narrow market in the economic field. On the other hand, the policy of "establishing a country by trade" carries out the strategy of "losing Russia and America and compensating for East Asia" in diplomacy. Therefore, the Chinese mainland, which is rich in resources and vast market, is regarded as the target of plunder, striving to obtain unequal power from the Qing government in order to nourish the development of capitalism. Driven by the dual motive of economy and diplomacy, Japan insisted on resuming official trade by making a treaty with China, and on more occasions showed its ambition of imitating the West and seizing one-sided preferential treatment in China. The joint action of so many factors led to the evolution of the Sino-Japanese commercial treaty system in the late Qing Dynasty, which was not only promoted by the contradictions and frictions in the process of the actual economic and trade exchanges between the two countries. It is also restricted and influenced by the international environment because it touches the interests of Europe and the United States and other countries in East Asia. As a result, the evolution process of the Sino-Japanese commercial contract system presents its own unique characteristics, and promotes the bilateral trade, which is oriented by the commercial contract as the policy direction, has also appeared the stage and the turning point development trend. After the Sino-Japanese War, Japan obtained many of its coveted privileges in China by force, and reconstituted the unequal commercial treaty system between China and Japan through the "Treaty of Trade and Shipping" in 1896. In 1903, the Qing government was forced to accept the renewal of the contract, and the system was expanded and deepened. The depth of the national crisis gradually aroused the indignation of the exploited Chinese gentry and merchants. The failure of the official diplomacy of the Qing government in the "Erchen Maru case" became the trigger of China's first folk boycott of Japanese goods. Following the boycott of American goods, the broad masses of the Chinese people have once again used this form of rational struggle with a modern nationalist nature, showing their confidence and determination in fighting for national rights and interests, and promoting the rise of national diplomacy. Thus, it laid a solid public foundation for changing and abolishing the unequal Sino-Japanese relations.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F752.9;K252

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