上海粮食计划供应制度的建立（1953-1956）

发布时间：2018-03-11 22:01

本文选题：上海　切入点：粮食　出处：《复旦大学》2005年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：上海的粮食计划供应是国家整体计划的一部分,国家统购统销政策的出台直接导致了上海粮食计划供应制度的生成。但上海的粮食供应有它自己的历史,日伪统治时期的“户口米”和1940年代末期国民党统治时期的食米配售,在某种程度上也可以看作是一种“计划供应”。这种“计划供应”的负面效应已经变成了上海城市的痛苦记忆,以致在以后实行计划供应时还能感觉到它的存在。解放初期上海实行的重点配售和发薪搭粮,则对稳定大局和发展合作社制度起过积极作用。作为中国最大的城市,解放后的粮食供应得到了政府的充分保障,在统购统销前夕,全国粮食供应出现紧张的时候,上海的粮情仍比较稳定。上海粮食供应的历史与现实状况决定了它在建立粮食计划供应制度过程中的特殊性。计划供应是粮食供应制度上的重大变革,为使这种变革有领导有步骤有秩序地进行,上海市建立了一套与之相适应的、以粮食管理部门为主的粮食计划供应机构;并逐步形成了市、区、街道办事处和基层单位与里弄为主线,而以基层单位与里弄为主体的宣传动员体系。这为上海粮食计划供应制度的建立提供了组织保证与舆论基础。从步骤上看,上海粮食计划供应制度的建立与国家总体步骤大体一致,但又不尽相同。它经历了四个过程:首先是把全市的私营米店改造成为国营粮食公司的代销店,将其纳入到国家计划管理的轨道,从而为粮食计划供应创造前提条件;其次是定点供应,固定供应与消费的关系;再次是按户计划供应,以户为单位将家庭用粮固定下来;最后是以人定量供应,将用粮计划落实到个人。这四步既前后相继,又有所区别。但总的趋势是越到后面越复杂、越细致、越严格。尤其是定量供应,它将个人的口粮按照劳动差别、年龄大小进行分等定量,然后凭票证购粮,为此还建立了一套严密的票证管理制度。定量供应办法的实施,表明上海粮食计划供应制度的最终确立。上海粮食计划供应的每一步都在社会上产生了反响。但在不同的阶段,不同阶层、不同人员的反应都有所不同。这种不同既与各自的切身利益有关,也与城市的历史记忆相联,还与计划供应的动员方式、宣传效果、具体办法等等有着密切联系。总体上说,随着计划供应制度的逐步加强,人们的心理从最初的恐慌、不安到后来的认同,表现在市场上是从最初的抢购、囤积到后来的平静。考察上海粮食计划供应制度的建立过程,可以得出两个方面的结论。从积极的方面看,粮食计划供应在产不应需、供不应求的状况下,保证了粮价、物价的平稳和社会的稳定;保证了居民低水平的粮食消费。从消极方面看,粮食计划供
[Abstract]:The grain supply plan in Shanghai is part of the overall national plan, and the introduction of the national unified purchase and marketing policy has directly led to the formation of the grain planning supply system in Shanghai. However, the grain supply in Shanghai has its own history. "Hukou rice" during the period of Japanese-puppet rule and rice placing during the late 1940s Kuomintang rule, To some extent, it can also be seen as a "planned supply". The negative effect of this "planned supply" has become a painful memory of the Shanghai city. Even when the planned supply was implemented later, the existence of it could be felt. In the early years of liberation, the key distribution and distribution of wages and grain in Shanghai played a positive role in stabilizing the overall situation and developing the cooperative system. As the largest city in China, The food supply after liberation was fully guaranteed by the government. On the eve of the unified purchase and sale, the national grain supply was tight. The situation of grain supply in Shanghai is still stable, and the history and reality of grain supply in Shanghai determine its particularity in the process of establishing grain supply system. The planned supply is a major change in the grain supply system. In order to make this change carried out step by step and in an orderly manner, Shanghai has set up a set of grain planning supply organizations with grain management department as the main part. And gradually formed the city, district, sub-district offices and grass-roots units and Linong as the main line, and grass-roots units and Linong as the main body of the propaganda and mobilization system, which provides an organizational guarantee and public opinion basis for the establishment of Shanghai grain supply system. From the step point of view, the establishment of the Shanghai Grain Program supply system is generally consistent with the overall national steps, but it is not the same. It has undergone four processes: first, it has transformed the private rice shops in the whole city into the consignment stores of the state-owned grain companies. It is put into the track of the management of the national plan, thus creating the precondition for the supply of the food plan; secondly, the fixed supply, the relation between the supply and the consumption; and again, the supply according to the household plan, the household as the unit, the household grain is fixed down; Finally, the supply is rationed by people, and the plan for the use of grain is implemented to individuals. These four steps are both successive and different. But the general trend is that the more complicated, the more meticulous, the more stringent the supply is, especially the supply of ration. It divided individual rations according to labor differences, age and size, and then purchased grain on the basis of tickets. For this purpose, it also established a strict ticket management system and the implementation of the method of rationing supply. It shows that the final establishment of Shanghai grain supply system. Every step of the supply of Shanghai's grain program has repercussions in society. But at different stages, different classes and different people react differently. This difference is not only related to their own vital interests, but also to the historical memory of the city. In general, with the gradual strengthening of the planning supply system, people's psychology has changed from initial panic to later identification. Performance in the market is from the initial buying, hoarding to later calm. Two conclusions can be drawn from the establishment of Shanghai grain planning supply system. From a positive point of view, grain planning supply can ensure the stability of grain price, price and society under the condition that output should not be needed and supply exceeds supply. The low level of food consumption of the population is guaranteed. On the negative side, the grain plan provides
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K295.1;K27

【引证文献】