民国时期上海慈善组织研究（1912—1937）

发布时间：2018-05-05 17:58

本文选题：民国 + 时期　；参考：《华东师范大学》2003年博士论文

【摘要】： 慈善组织和慈善事业作为非营利社会组织开展的工作，在社会发展过程中所发挥的作用已经愈来愈大。慈善组织及慈善事业在中国的历史十分悠久，它作为一种社会价值观曾对中国封建统治者维持其政权有不小的贡献。近代以来，特别是辛亥革命爆发、中华民国成立以后，伴随新政权诞生，政治与经济制度的转变，慈善组织的发展进入新的阶段。慈善组织作为社会的公益组织，凭借其社会救济的功能，对转型时期动荡不安的中国社会产生了重要的影响。尤其在近代上海这个中国社会经济最发达的城市，慈善组织充分利用了城市工商经济发展所带来有利条件，为社会慈善救济的展开，起到了举足轻重的作用。本文力图从社会史的角度，运用历史学、社会学、统计学、比较学等研究方法，透视民国时期上海慈善组织的发生、发展、衰落及其内在规律，并通过分析它们的内在组织结构、政府与民间组织的关系、参与者的成份等，总结慈善组织在民国时期上海城市发展中的角色与地位，以期客观地评价这个社会中间组织在民国社会发展中地位。全文共分五章：第一章简单扼要地回顾了慈善组织产生的历史根源及其发展演变，以及慈善事业的性质。社会慈善事业，从人类文明形成之日起产生，即与人类社会文明同步前进。从商周到明清，历史跨越了数千年的时空，但慈善的中心思想不变，它由民本主义、儒家“仁爱”、佛教“因果报应”等，汇集成了慈善思想。近代以降，西方慈善思想的导入，使得慈善理念的内涵扩大，参与慈善事业的人数增加，推动了民国上海慈善事业的发展。第二章是对民国时期上海的慈善组织、慈善事业发展的背景与社会基础进行分析。一方面，民国建立后，随着政治制度的变迁，经济快速的发展，城市化进程中的社会各阶层进一步分化，伴随而来的是人口大量流入，它既为经济发展提供了大量的廉价劳动力和商品销售市场，，也因与市场发展不协调而产生了严重的社会问题；而市场的波动和民国政局的动荡，对经济的发展也产生了负面作用，使得社会的贫困阶层日益扩大，对社会的稳定产生了不小的冲击。另一方面，上海作为一个先于国内其它地区进入向城市化进程过渡的城市，在西方城市化进程的示范下，国外对社会救济和社会慈善的政策在上海首先得到了尝试，推动了上海慈善事业的发展。第三章是对民国时期上海慈善组织和慈善事业的特征加以分析。上海经济的快速发展，使上海的城区日益扩大，同时，移民的大量进入，使原先农村中结成的血缘、地缘关系，转变为以业缘关系、居住区域关系，慈善组织逐步摆脱了单一的同乡会、同业公所等局限，向功能比较齐全的慈善组织转变。民国的慈善组织与旧的慈善组织相比，具有了新的特征。客观上，民间的慈善组织在数量和规模上超越了官办，慈善组织的属性上出现了官方主办、民间主办、宗教界主办等形式，慈善组织的资金来源和资产属性上，也具有了现代社会的性质;在意识上，慈善摆脱了传统的道德、伦理观念的束缚，溶入了西方现代责任意识、公民意识。第四章对民国慈善组织的结构、运行机制和成员构成进行分析。此时的慈善组织，它的发起条件，入会的资格审定，会员的权利与义务，资金来源与使用等有了较为详细的规定，慈善组织正逐步向规范化、法制化的方向过渡。在组织结构上，它效仿西方同类组织的做法，努力提高组织的民主意识和决策的透明度，以获取公众的信任;另外，慈善事业参与者，由传统的绅商主导型转向工商界人士为主，其中江浙籍的商人开始占据主要的地位，成为慈善事业的主力军。第五章阐述了民国时期上海慈善组织的主要活动、社会功能及存在的不足。各慈善组织根据自己实际情况，进行不同方式的的救济，主要包括机构内的救助和机构外的救助，临时救助和平常救助。民国时期上海慈善组织的的救济对象己向特定人群转变，从婴儿到老年人，从残疾人到健康的游民、妇女等皆有专门的慈善组织，慈善事业走向新的时期。在社会功能方面，作为民间的社会组织，慈善组织与政府间形成了监督与被监督，控制与被控制的关系。尽管时期上海慈善组织与以前相比有了明显的进步，也具备了现代组织的许多属性，但仍存在着不少问题。在组织成立中显现先天不足，其规模和人员受到一定的限制，在制度化建设中，缺乏强有力的监督机制，在救济效果上，获得救助人数有限等等，但这一时期的慈善组织及慈善事业对社会的稳定、对上海慈善事业整体的发展具有重要的意义。启示:慈善事业的发展是人类文明进步的重要标志之一。古老中国的文明史也是慈善的发展史。慈善事业在不同的时期展现了不同的时代特征，显示出不同的社会作用。慈善事业的发展同时又与慈善组织的发展紧密联系的，它与组织者、参与者密不可分。民国时期，慈善组织的成立与发展在新思潮和新制度的双重催化作用下，出现了明显的现代特征，它从组织的结构形式、运行程序、人员的组成及成份等方面皆得到体现。而慈善组织的经济运行模式和价值观念的传播及教育功?
[Abstract]:The work carried out by charitable organizations and charities as a non - profit social organization has been addressed in the course of social development

The wave has grown more and more . The history of charity and philanthropy in China is a long history , as a kind of

Social values have contributed to the maintenance of their power by the feudal rulers of China . Since modern times , especially Xin Hai

After the founding of the Republic of China , after the founding of the Republic of China , with the birth of the new regime , the transformation of the political and economic system , the charity group

The development of knitting has entered a new stage , and the charity organization , as the public welfare organization of society , relies on the function of its social relief ,

In modern Shanghai , the Chinese society has an important influence on Chinese society , especially in modern Shanghai

The most developed cities and charities fully utilize the favorable conditions brought by the development of the city ' s commercial and commercial economy ,

It plays an important role in the development of charity relief .

This paper tries to apply the research methods of history , sociology , statistics and comparative study from the perspective of social history .

The occurrence , development , decline and inherent law of the charitable organization in Shanghai during the period of the Republic of China , and analyzed them

The internal organization structure , the relationship between the government and the civil society , the composition of the participants , etc . , summarizes the charitable organization in the Republic of China

The role and position of Shanghai urban development in order to objectively evaluate the social development of the society in the Republic of China

in that exhibition .

The full text is divided into five chapters :

The first chapter briefly reviews the historical roots of charitable organizations and their evolution , as well as the charity events

The nature of the industry . Social philanthropy , generated from the date of the formation of human civilization , that is , before the civilization of mankind .

In the Shang Zhou Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties , the history spanned thousands of years of time and space , but the central thought of the charity remained unchanged , and it was composed of the people

The doctrine , the Confucian " benevolence " and the Buddhism " karma " , etc . , are brought together into the idea of charity .

The introduction of good idea makes the connotation of charity expand and the number of people participating in charity increases and pushes the Republic of China .

The development of shanghai charity .

The second chapter points out the background and social foundation of the charitable organization and charity development in Shanghai during the period of the Republic of China .

On the one hand , after the establishment of the Republic of China , with the change of the political system , the rapid economic development , the urbanization process

The social strata of the society are further divided , accompanied by the massive influx of the population , which provides both great economic development

The volume of cheap labour and commodity sales market has also resulted in serious social problems owing to the lack of coordination with market development ;

The fluctuation of the market and the turmoil of the Republic of China ' s political situation have also produced negative effects on the development of the economy , which has caused the poverty of the society

The growing number of trapped strata has created a small impact on the stability of society . On the other hand , Shanghai as a precedent

In other parts of the country , the cities that transition to the urbanization process , under the model of the western urbanization process , are foreign to

The social relief and social charity policy has been tried first in Shanghai to promote the development of Shanghai ' s charity .

The third chapter analyzes the characteristics of Shanghai charity organization and charity in the period of the Republic of China .

At the same time , the rapid development of the urban areas in Shanghai is expanding , meanwhile , the massive influx of immigrants makes the blood in the original countryside

The relationship between the land and the land and the relationship between the land and the land , the relationship between the residential areas and the charitable organizations gradually get rid of the single same

The local society , the public office of the same industry , and other limitations , turn to a well - equipped charity organization . The Republic of China ' s charities and old ones

Compared with the charity , there are new features . In an objective way , the folk charities go beyond the number and scale

Official sponsorship , folk sponsorship , sponsorship of religious communities , etc . have appeared in the properties of the official and charitable organizations , and the charity group

The nature of modern society also has the nature of modern society in the source of capital and property of assets ; in the sense of consciousness , charity is free from transmission

The restriction of the moral and ethical values of the West is dissolved in the modern sense of responsibility of the West and the citizen consciousness .

The fourth chapter analyzes the structure , operating mechanism and membership of the charitable organization of the Republic of China .

weaving , its launching conditions , qualification examination of the membership , the rights and obligations of the members , the source of funds and the use of funds , etc .

In more detail , the charitable organization is gradually shifting to the direction of standardization and legalization .

It follows the practices of the Western counterparts in an effort to improve the democratic awareness of the organization and the transparency of decision - making in order to acquire the public

Public trust ; in addition , the participants in the cause of charity are dominated by traditional businessmen leading to industry and commerce ,

The merchants of the Chinese and Zhejiang provinces began to occupy the dominant position and became the main force of charity .

The fifth chapter expounds the main activities , social functions and shortcomings of the charitable organization in Shanghai during the Republic of China .

The charitable organization carries out different kinds of relief according to its actual situation , mainly including the rescue and the machine in the institution

Out - of - the - structure relief , temporary assistance and usual relief . Relief objects of the Shanghai Charity Organization in the Republic of China have been directed to a specific country

The change of the population , from infants to the elderly , from persons with disabilities to health , women and the like , have special charity organizations ,

In social function , as a civil society organization , a charity organization and a government

The relationship between supervision and supervision , control and control is formed .

Although the Shanghai Charity Organization has made significant progress in comparison with the past , there are many modern organizations

There are still a lot of problems in the formation of the organization , and the scale and personnel of the organization are affected .

In the construction of institutionalization , there is a lack of a strong oversight mechanism , in terms of the relief effect , the number of aid workers can be obtained

Limited , and so on , but this period of charity organization and charity work to the social stability , to the Shanghai charity overall

The development of the system is of great significance .

Enlightenment : The development of philanthropy is one of the important symbols of human civilization progress . The ancient Chinese civilization also

It is a history of philanthropy . Philanthropy shows different times in different times , showing different societies

The development of charity is closely related to the development of charitable organizations . It is closely related to the organizer and participation

In the period of the Republic of China , the establishment and development of the charity organization in the new trend of thought and the double catalysis of the new system

There are obvious modern characteristics , from the structure form of the organization , the operating procedure , the composition and composition of the personnel

All the aspects are reflected . And the economic operation mode of the charity organization and the dissemination of the value idea and the educational work ?

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：K295.1

【引证文献】