清末山东留日学生与近代山东的政治变革

发布时间：2018-07-10 10:11

本文选题：留日学生 + 山东　；参考：《曲阜师范大学》2004年硕士论文

【摘要】：在清末中国留日运动大潮中，约600名齐鲁青年学子先后东渡留学，在日本接受了新思想、新文化、新知识。回国后他们又大多投身于山东政界，在近代山东的历次政治运动中发挥了应有作用，成为推动山东政治不断进步的一支重要力量。国内外史学界对清末中国留日学生的整体研究成果颇丰，国内许多省份的个案研究也已相当细致。但尚未涉足清末山东留日学生与近代山东的政治变革这一领域，而对此课题的研究却有十分重要的意义。本文运用唯物史观，在借鉴相关研究成果的基础上，对清末山东留日学生与近代山东的政治变革进行了深入研究。本文以时序为轴线，精心梳理出清末山东留日学生的发展轨迹，考证其人数，分析其原因、剖析其特点，重点论述了他们回国后在近代山东的立宪运动、辛亥革命以及民国时期山东政治舞台上所起的重大作用。清季以降中国的民族危机日甚一日。日本在甲午及日俄战争中的巨大胜利给国人以启示，决计“以日为师”，变革图强，掀起了近代中国大规模的留日运动。据地理之便的山东因清末“新政”，需才孔亟，故而地方当局极力提倡留学日本，加之早期留日生的宣传与鼓动，使山东留日学生在1901—1911年间总计达到600人左右，成为仅次于直隶的江北“留日大省”。山东留日学生由于受区域政治、经济、文化、社会开化程度等条件的制约，具有与其他省份不同的特点。反过来，这些特点又进一步影响着日后山东各地的政治变革与社会变迁。由于他们在日本选学法政者人数众多，掌握了西方各种法政知识，故学成归国后，自然大多投身于山东政界。在山东立宪运动中，他们是宣传宪政思想与知识的主力军，所以咨议局成立时有十多人当选为议员，并成为咨议局内维护公理和促进进步的“正义旗手”。但由于人少势孤，在很多事情上无能为力，于是便把目光投向全国立宪派，积极地参加国会请愿运动，要求清廷真正地速行“立宪”。但“皇族内阁”的结局打破了他们的君主立宪梦。在全国“山雨欲来”的反清革命形势下，山东留日学生通过创办报刊杂志，兴办学校，组建革命团体，为山东辛亥革命做好了舆论和组织准备。武昌起义爆发后，山东留日学生中的革命派与立宪派暂时团结起来，联络济南驻军和各界群众迫使孙宝琦宣布山东“独立”。但在袁世凯、张广建等封建顽固势力的反扑下，，“独立”仅存在了10天便告失败。在烟台，以留日学生革命派为首又发动了一系列反清起义和暴动，推翻了满清在胶东半岛的统治，成立了以胡瑛为首的“山东都督府”。此后他们又发起驱张拥胡运动，谋求山东“统一”，同时还积极支援外省革命。他们的革命行动加速了清王朝的崩溃，间接支援了南方的革命斗争，为民主共和在中国的胜利和山东政治的进步创造了条件。民国初期，他们在山东政治舞台上拥护议会民主，勇斗袁氏御用工具进步党，试图通过议会限制袁世凯的独裁专制。在袁世凯复辟帝制的真面目暴露后，山东留日学生口诛笔伐并组织武力讨袁，成为反袁复辟的一把北方利剑，最终迫使袁氏取消帝制。北洋时期，政局动荡，军阀混战，列强横行，民不聊生，山东留日学生的分化开始加剧，一部分意志消沉者，或淡出政界，或堕落为军阀政客;另一些人则苦苦探索，决心“以俄为师”，与共产党合作;更多的人仍坚守建设资产阶级民主共和国的理想。北伐战争开始后，他们又看到了希望，积极参战，与国民党合作，成为北伐名将或国民政府中的“高干”。抗战时期，历经风霜而仍健在的留日学生则不顾年迈体弱，甘冒枪林弹雨，为中华民族的抗日事业作出了应有贡献。综观近代山东政治从专制到立宪、从立宪到共和以及从共和迈向民主的现代化历程，留日学生在各个阶段均发挥了十分重大的作用。
[Abstract]:At the end of the Qing Dynasty , about 600 Zulu young students were studying abroad and received new ideas , new culture and new knowledge in Japan . After returning to China , most of them were put into the political circles of Shandong . After returning to China , they have played a proper role in the political movement in Shandong Province , and they have become a major force in promoting the political progress in Shandong . However , the study of the case studies in many provinces in China and abroad has been quite fine . However , the study of this subject has not been involved in the study of the Japanese students in the late Qing Dynasty and the political change in modern Shandong .

Based on the relevant research results , this paper makes a deep study on the political change of the Japanese students and the modern Shandong in the late Qing Dynasty based on the relevant research results . The paper attempts to comb out the development track of the students in Shandong in the late Qing Dynasty , analyze the reasons and analyze the reasons and analyze their characteristics . The paper mainly discusses the important role played by them in the constitutional movement in modern Shandong , the Revolution of 1911 and the political stage of Shandong Province in the period of the Republic of China .

During the period from 1901 to 1911 , the local authorities tried to promote the study of Japanese , and the local authorities have made great efforts to promote the study of Japan . The local authorities have made great efforts to promote the overseas study of Japan . Therefore , the local authorities have made great efforts to promote the study of Japan .

As a result of the large number of people in Japan , they have mastered various kinds of legal and political knowledge in the West , so many of them are in the political circles of Shandong . Since the founding of Shandong Province , more than 10 people have been elected as members of parliament and become a " justice flag " for maintaining justice and promoting progress . In the anti - Qing revolutionary situation in the whole country , the students of Shandong province have made public opinion and organization preparations for the Revolution of 1911 .

After the outbreak of the uprising , the revolutionaries in the Japanese students in Shandong and the constitutional clique were temporarily united to contact the troops of Jinan .

The people of all walks of life forced Sun Baoqi to declare Shandong " independent " , but in Yuan Shikai , Zhang Guangjian and other feudal stubborn

Under the influence of the forces , the " independence " only existed for 10 days and failed . At Yantai , in order to keep the students revolutionary

The faction led , in turn , launched a series of anti - Qing uprising and riots , which overthrew the reign of Manchu in the Jiaodong peninsula .

" The capital of the city of Shandong " led by Hu Ying . After that , they launched a campaign to drive Hu Ying and seek the mountains .

At the same time , the East " unification " also actively supports the revolution in the province . Their revolutionary actions have accelerated the collapse of the Qing Dynasty

The collapse and indirect support of the revolutionary struggle in the South , the victory of the Communist Party of China in China and the progress of Shandong politics

In the early days of the Republic of China , they embraced parliamentary democracy on the political stage of Shandong and fought for Yuan ' s .

An attempt to limit Yuan Shikai ' s dictatorship through Parliament .

After being exposed to the truth of the truth , the Japanese students in Shandong have spoken and organized force to discuss Yuan , and become an anti - Yuan restoration .

A northern sword , which finally forces Yuan to cancel the imperial system . During the Northern Ocean , the political situation was turbulent , and the warlords were mixed .

The differentiation of Japanese students in Shandong province began to intensify , and some of them were depressed .

Or fade out of politics , or fall into warlords politicians ; others work hard to explore and resolve to " take Russia as a teacher " ,

Cooperation with the Communist Party ; more people still adhere to the ideals of building the bourgeois democratic republic . Northern logging war

After the start , they saw hope , active participation , cooperation with the Kuomintang , and become a member of the Northern expedition .

The " high - stem " in the people ' s government . In the anti - Japanese war period , the students who were still alive after the frost had ignored the old age

It has made a contribution to the anti - Japanese cause of the Chinese nation .

On the Modern Shandong Politics from the tyranny to the constitution , from the constitutional to the republican and from the republican to the democracy

In the course of modernization , students have played a very important role in each stage .
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K29

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