英国租借威海卫公共卫生管理研究

发布时间：2018-12-29 15:47

【摘要】： 1898年英国占领威海卫,开始了长达32年的对威殖民统治。作为欧洲最早进行公共卫生立法和改革的国家,英政府将其完善的公共卫生法律体系、成熟的卫生管理行政体制和科学的疫病防控技术一同移植到了威海卫,借助公共卫生这一近代文明成果,殖民当局获得了统治的话语权。英租威海卫公共卫生法律体系以行政长官立法为主,其中洛克哈特在任时制定的《1903年公共卫生和建筑法》是最为重要的公告卫生法令之一,其内容包罗万象,渗透于社会各个角落,且规定十分详细,极具可操作性。卫生执法机制完善,处罚严厉,使公共卫生法律得以较好的施行。在公共卫生管理体制方面,建立了以行政长官为首,下辖正华务司、副华务司、医官长、卫生官员和卫生巡查、巡捕等运转高效的行政主导之下的管理体制。行政长官和正副华务司均有制定颁布有关公共卫生规范的权力,医官长则专管全区的公共卫生与船舶检验检疫事宜。疫病作为人类最可怕的公共卫生问题,不时威胁着人类的生命与健康,英殖民政府在租借威海卫期间建立了疫情通报、监测、隔离、检疫、传染病患者和动物防治以及种植疫苗等科学技术规范,并以法令、规章、通告等强有力的行政措施,提升了公众公共卫生意识,有效防控了疫情的发生和蔓延,其先进的理念、科学防控技术,即使在今天看来也是非常先进的。单从技术和制度层面来看,威英殖民政府主导的公共卫生体系比之中国传统的卫生管理模式,其所具有的科学性和效用性是毋庸置疑的,它体现了人类文明的进步,推动了公共卫生管理现代化的步伐,促进了文明的发展。但威英政府所建立的公共卫生管理体系也有其明显的局限性,即被深深的打上了帝国主义、殖民主义的烙印。具体表现为,其一,租界公共卫生设置和管理主要是围绕殖民统治者公共健康的需要,华人并不能享用先进的医疗设施甚至被强制迁移住所,医疗卫生重点放在西方人居住的商埠区和刘公岛,农村医疗卫生基础依然薄弱；其二,公共卫生基础设施滞后,仅起到治标的改善,这是殖民政府温和保守的租界地施政政策的必然结果；其三,公共卫生法律实行双重标准,暴露了公共卫生管理上具有的浓厚殖民性。尽管带有强烈的殖民色彩,但作为一种文明制度的输入,英租威海卫公共卫生管理体系对提升公众卫生意识,加速威海的初步现代转型客观上起到了重要的积极影响。对英租时期公共卫生管理进行客观的深入研究,对推动城市公共卫生现代化进程有着重要的借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:British occupation of Weihaiwei in 1898 began 32 years of colonial rule over Wei. As the first country in Europe to legislate and reform public health, the British government transplanted its perfect public health legal system, mature administrative system of health management and scientific epidemic prevention and control technology to Weihaiwei. With the aid of public health, a modern civilization, the colonial authorities gained the right to speak. The law system on public health in Britain's rented Weihai Wei is mainly legislated by the Chief Executive, among which the Public Health and Construction Act 1903, enacted by Lockhart during his term of office, is one of the most important public health Permeate all corners of the society, and the provisions are very detailed, very operational. The health law enforcement mechanism is perfect and the punishment is severe, so that the public health law can be carried out well. In the aspect of public health management system, the administrative system, headed by the Chief Executive, under the jurisdiction of the Zhenghua Department, the Deputy Chinese Affairs Department, the Medical Officer, the Health Officer and the Health Patrol, and so on, has been established. Both the Chief Executive and the Deputy Chinese Secretary have the power to formulate and promulgate public health regulations, while the Medical Officer is in charge of public health and ship inspection and quarantine matters throughout the region. As one of the most terrible public health problems for human beings, the epidemic disease threatens human life and health from time to time. During the lease of Weihaiwei, the British colonial government established epidemic notification, surveillance, quarantine and quarantine. The scientific and technological norms for the prevention and control of infectious diseases and the prevention and control of animals, as well as the planting of vaccines, and other powerful administrative measures, such as decrees, regulations and circulars, have raised public awareness of public health, effectively prevented and controlled the occurrence and spread of the epidemic, and its advanced concepts. Scientific prevention and control technology, even today, is very advanced. In terms of technology and system, the public health system led by Weiying colonial government is more scientific and effective than the traditional health management mode in China, and it reflects the progress of human civilization. It promotes the modernization of public health management and promotes the development of civilization. However, the public health management system established by Weiying government also has its obvious limitations, that is, it is deeply branded by imperialism and colonialism. Specifically, first, the setting up and management of public health in concessions mainly revolved around the needs of the colonial rulers' public health, and the Chinese could not enjoy advanced medical facilities or even forced relocation of their residences. The focus of medical and health care is on the commercial port district and Liu Gongdao where Westerners live, and the rural medical and health foundation is still weak; Second, the public health infrastructure lags behind and only improves the symptoms, which is the inevitable result of the colonial government's moderate and conservative concession policy; Third, the double standard of public health law exposed the strong colonization of public health management. Although it has a strong colonial color, as an input of civilization system, the public health management system of British rented Weihaiwei plays an important and positive role in raising public health awareness and accelerating Weihai's initial modern transformation. It is of great significance to study the management of public health in the period of British rent and to promote the modernization of urban public health.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：R-09;K29

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