明代延绥镇粮饷供应地理研究

发布时间：2017-12-31 15:01

本文关键词：明代延绥镇粮饷供应地理研究　出处：《陕西师范大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 明“九边”的研究一直是学界研究的传统和重点领域,但这些研究集中在以兵制、战争、民族关系为主题的政治和军事领域,在社会经济史的研究中也有涉及到九边的重要内容,如军屯与盐法。但从整体上看,以某一边镇作为单独研究对象的研究成果比较少见,尤其是延绥镇；而在九边的研究领域中,以边镇粮饷供应为课题的研究则更少。延绥作为西北重镇,因地理环境的限制粮饷筹措艰难,同时却担负着极其沉重的防务,因此供应与边防的矛盾极其突出,但在这方面尚未引起学界的足够重视。粮饷的供应是一个系统性的课题,它涉及到了军事、政治、民族、经济等多个研究领域,包含了屯政、盐法、边防等多个子课题。故本文选取延绥镇为研究区域,并将上述项目统筹起来作为系统研究的对象,通过对史料的考证与分析、区域间的比照、数据的计量统计和图表的对比等方法,来从历史地理学的角度系统研究明代延绥镇粮饷供应的来源与特点,并探讨供应的有效性和边防绩效之间的关系。本文的具体研究在解决上述问题的同时,也能从侧面了解到其他边镇的供应状况和明代财政的情况以及政治危机的由来。本文主要内容分为以下六个部分：一、绪论部分,说明了本研究的选题缘由与研究对象及意义、研究动态和研究思路,并对主要史料做了简略的解说。通过上述工作确定本文具有较大的研究空间,除能弥补该领域研究的空白外,在认识历史事实的同时也能作为现实的参考借鉴。二、对延绥镇的建置经过和历史地理环境做了探讨和介绍,这两点都是影响延绥镇供应结构变化的重要原因,因此是下文研究深入的重要背景。三、分析了延绥镇粮饷供应的来源的形成和原因,并重点研究了区域内的自给方式(屯田)。延绥镇的粮饷供给结构分为域内自给和腹里转输两大部分,而具体的供应方式则有屯田、民运、开中、京运银四种。域内自给的方式主要是屯田,屯田又分为军屯、民屯、商屯三类。由于史料的限制,虽然可以确定商屯曾补给过延绥镇粮料,但其具体的实施过程、数额并不明了,且由于开中改为纳银中盐后商屯很快退出该地,故商屯在延绥镇粮饷供应中的作用应相当有限。至于民屯是否直接补充过军粮以及民屯的规模和产量史书中都缺乏足够的记载,因此只能认为军屯才是域内自给的长期而有效的方式。根据史料记载和相关研究成果,集中探讨了军屯在延绥镇的兴起和规模化的历史过程、军屯地的来源和分布以及屯田的绩效。通过对明代奏疏和《万历会计录》等史书中相关史料的考核,整理出了明代延绥镇屯田子粒收入的变化情况后,发现屯粮由六万余石下降到后期的四至万石左右,确实经历了屯粮减少的下降过程。屯田收入减少,源于屯政的破坏。屯政的破坏表现为屯地抛荒流失、屯军逃亡、屯田子粒减少,这三项既是表现也是原因,背后的深层次原因源于制度的破坏、环境的限制和蒙古的持续骚扰等方面,其中制度的弊端才是问题的根本。四、依次集中研究了腹里地区对延绥镇的三种补给方式。民粮的供应情况包括民运粮供应区的形成与分布、民运量的项目与数量变化、民粮输边的运输方式和路线、民运的弊端等部分。延绥民粮供应的主要来源地是陕西的西安等五府及山西、河南布政司,而湖广、南直隶等其他省份的协济在供应中亦有重要作用。虽然额派陕西民粮二十八万余石和河南布折银三万三千两,但因改折、借调等原因,实际情况复杂得多。陕西民粮输边的组织和“大户”存在重要联系,运输的路线主要沿驿路展开。民粮是延绥镇最重要的粮饷来源,但也是民众的沉重负担,运输的艰难和天灾引起税粮大量逋欠,对本镇的供应构成了严重的威胁。延绥开中自正统始,初因需奏请而开,后逐渐成例,成为客兵和募兵银的重要来源。京运亦如是,由初时调拨补不敷变为常例银,数额亦由三万两攀升到三十余万两,成为饷银的主要来源。五、以边仓为对象,分析了边粮的分配问题,包括明代仓储制度的概述和延绥边仓的数量与分布、职储与边仓管理的弊端几个方面。六、对上文的问题进行总结,分析了延绥镇供应困境形成的原因,评价了供应与边防绩效的关系,探讨了可能的解决方式并对明代边防与国运进行了反思。
[Abstract]:To study the "nine side" has been a traditional and important fields of academic research, but these studies focus on the military system, war, ethnic relations as the theme of the political and military fields, in the study of social economic history also involves nine important content side, such as juntun and salt. But from on the whole, to one side of the town as the research object research alone is relatively rare, especially in the research field of Yansui town; and the nine side of the side of the town, to forage supply for the research is less. As the northwest city of Yansui, due to the restrictions of city geographical environment financing difficult, but also shoulder extremely heavy defense, so the contradiction between supply and the border is extremely prominent, but has not yet attracted enough attention to the academic world in this area. The forage supply is a systematic project, which involves the military, political, ethnic, economic and many other research fields, including Tun Zheng, salt, border and other multi project. So this paper selects Yansui town as the study area, and the project as a whole as the object of system research, through research and analysis of historical data, comparison between regions, statistics and chart data comparison method, to extend the origin and characteristics of Sui town forage supply from the perspective of historical geography of the Ming Dynasty, and to explore the relationship between the effectiveness and performance of border supply. The research in solving the problems at the same time, also can learn from side to the other side of the town of the origin of the supply situation and the financial situation of the Ming Dynasty and the political crisis.
The main contents of this paper are divided into the following six parts:
One, the introduction, explains the background and the object of study and significance, research trends and research ideas, and the main historical materials to do a brief explanation. Through the above work this paper has larger research space, except the blank can make up for research in this area, and also can be used as reference in the understanding of reality the facts of history at the same time.
Two, the establishment of Yansui town through historical and geographic environment is discussed and introduced, both of which are important factors affecting Yansui town supply structure changes, so it is important to study the background below.
Three, analyzes the form and reason of the forage supply source of Yansui Town, and focus on the way of self within the region (Garrison). Forage supply structure is divided into Yansui town within the domain of self-sufficiency and belly transfer of two parts, and the supply is in order, the MDC, opening, Beijing Yun Silver Four. Within the domain of self-sufficiency is the main way to open up wasteland, wasteland is divided into juntun, min Tun Tun, taking three classes. Due to historical limitations, although can determine shangdun supplies had been Yansui town grain feed, but the specific implementation process, the amount is unknown, and due to nano silver after taking the salt Tun soon pulled out of the ground, so shangdun in Yansui town forage supply in effect should be quite limited. As for the people whether directly added rations and Tun min Tun scale and production records in the lack of adequate records, so that only juntun is effective and long-term domain of self-sufficiency . according to historical records and related research, focus on the military in Yansui town and the rise of the scale of the historical process, like the sources and distribution of land performance. Based on the relevant historical materials of Ming Dynasty Wanli accounting record > and < Coushu etc. history examination, sorting out the changes of the Ming Dynasty Yan Sui Town Village Tian Zi grain income, found decreased by more than sixty thousand stone grain to the later four million stone, really experienced army reduced decline. Garrison reduced income from government failure. Zheng Tun Tun Tun to destruction is abandoned in the loss, Tun Tun Tian Lam, sub grain decreased it the three is also the source of damage, the reasons behind in the system, environmental constraints and the continued harassment of Mongolia and so on, the system is the root of the problem.
Four, in order to focus on the region of the three mode of supply. The supply of Yansui Town People's food supply food including the formation and distribution of the project quantity and quantity change of democracy, the people side of the grain transport means of transport and route problems such as pro democracy. The main source of food for Suimin. The Xi'an Shaanxi government and Shanxi five, and Henan buzhengsi, Hubei and Hunan, South Zhili and other provinces also have an important role in the economic society. Although the amount of supply sent to Shaanxi people Ershibawanyu grain stone and Henan cloth folding silver thirty-three thousand and two, but due to folding, seconded and other reasons, the actual situation is more complicated there is an important link. The people of Shaanxi transport organization and grain boundary "major", the main transportation route along the post road. The grain is the most important source of Yansui Town City, but also people's heavy burden, transportation difficulties and natural disasters caused by the large amount of grain tax debts, to The town supply constitutes a serious threat. In orthodox Yansui since beginning early because of the need to please open, gradually become an important source of precedent, soldiers and mercenary silver. Guest Beijing Yun is the same, at the beginning of time is not enough to fill the allocation rule of silver, amount from thirty-two thousand rise to Sanshiyuwanliang, become the main source of Xiangyin.
Five, taking border warehouse as an example, the distribution of border grain is analyzed, including the overview of storage system in the Ming Dynasty, the quantity and distribution of Yan Su side warehouse, and the drawbacks of warehouse management and side warehouse management.
Six, the above problems were summarized, analyzed the causes of the formation of Yansui town supply difficulties, evaluate the relation between the supply and the border performance, exploring the way of the border and the Ming Dynasty in the reflection.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K248

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