宋代手工业者生计研究

发布时间：2018-01-27 05:50

  本文关键词： 宋代 手工业者 生计 收入 消费　出处：《西北大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：手工业者是宋代社会的主要群体之一,其生计是宋代社会经济的重要方面。手工业者的生计主要包括收入和消费两个方面,不同行业的手工业者收入结构有一定的区别。禁榷行业的手工业者收入多来自官府和买,非禁榷行业的手工业者收入则多来自自由商品交换,其收入形式有粮食、货币、其他物资或是免除徭役的不同。手工业者群体收入差距悬殊,收入高者能与占田千亩的农村大地主比肩,收入低者难以温饱。手工业者的消费类型很多,最主要的是生存性消费和生产性消费。生存性消费与手工业者家庭的收入水平关系最密切,收入微薄的手工业者衣食简陋,而豪富之家则开支巨大,甚至转变为奢侈消费。发展性消费包括生产消费和教育消费两个方面。生产性消费是其能够开展生产与再生产的前提,有一定的身份性特点,教育消费则主要受到思想观念的影响,即使家资微薄的手工业者也可能在这一方面花费较多。手工业者生计受到诸多因素的影响,包括农业发展水平、国家政策、社会环境、自我的意识与观念等,这些因素引发物资供应、市场供求关系、货币流通、人身安全、再生产等方面的变化,从而影响手工业者的生计。总的来说,宋代手工业者生计水平较低,少有保障,谋生相对艰难。
[Abstract]:Handicraftsmen are one of the major groups in the Song Dynasty, whose livelihood is an important aspect of the social economy in the Song Dynasty. The livelihood of the handicraftsmen mainly includes two aspects: income and consumption. There are some differences in the income structure of handicraftsmen in different industries. Most of the income of handicraftsmen in debatable industries comes from government and buying, while that of handicraftsmen in non-debatable industries comes mostly from free commodity exchange. Its income form has grain, currency, other material or exempt from corvee. Handicraft group income disparity is wide, high income can be compared with the big rural landowner who occupies thousands of acres of farmland. It is difficult for the low income people to have enough to eat and clothing. There are many consumption types of handicrafts, the most important is survival consumption and productive consumption. The survival consumption is most closely related to the income level of handicraft families. Artisans with meagre incomes are poorly fed and clothed, while haughty families spend a lot of money. Development consumption includes production consumption and education consumption. Productive consumption is the premise of its production and reproduction and has certain identity characteristics. Education consumption is mainly influenced by ideology, even the handicrafts with small household resources may spend more in this area. The livelihood of handicrafts is affected by many factors, including the level of agricultural development. National policy, social environment, self-awareness and concept, these factors lead to material supply, market supply and demand relations, currency circulation, personal security, reproduction and other aspects of change. In general, the living level of handicrafts in the Song Dynasty was low, less secure, and relatively difficult to make a living.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F429;K244
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本文编号：1467746