刘秀“退功臣而进文吏”研究

发布时间：2018-03-09 05:10

本文选题：刘秀　切入点：功臣　出处：《华中师范大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：无论从历史学还是政治学看,刘秀“退功臣而进文吏”都是一个重要的研究对象。回顾前人关于刘秀“退功臣而进文吏”的研究,大多在探讨刘秀的治国方略时有所涉及,将刘秀“退功臣而进文吏”作为单独事件展开全面系统深入研究的并不多。东汉初年,刘秀采取“退功臣而进文吏”的统治方略,一方面保全了功臣,稳定了政局,另方面又使东汉政权在短短不到三十年的时间里实现了由武官执政到文官执政的转变,巩固了统治东汉初年功臣的形成。伴随着春秋战国时期的诸侯纷争,军功爵制产生并发展起来的,并在秦和西汉初年达到兴盛,此后虽有衰弱,但两汉之际的战争再次为军功爵制提供了展现其价值的历史舞台。东汉建立后,刘秀按照军功爵制先后对功臣进行两次大规模的分封爵土,并通过其他一些物质赏赐和荣誉方面的恩宠与褒扬等。东汉初年,一个以功臣为主体,拥有强大的政治势力和经济基础,具有高等的社会地位和特权的新社会阶层——功臣阶层形成了。功臣把刘秀拥戴为皇帝,但随着功臣阶层权势的不断壮大,又对皇权产生了威胁。 “退功臣”研究。以往的史家,以及有关史料,在对刘秀“退功臣而进文吏”的研究或论述中,往往认为刘秀“退功臣”中的功臣仅是指“云台二十八将”为代表的首要功臣。其实不然,东汉初年刘秀“退功臣”中的“功臣”是指东汉初年的所有军功人员,不仅仅包括“云台二十八将”为代表在中央机构任职的功臣,还包括州、郡、县行政机构的军功人员。东汉初年,刘秀在统治方略上着眼于东汉政权的长治久安,通过巩固军权、政权等一系列措施,历经三个阶段,最终成功的剥夺了军功人员的官职。 “进文吏”研究。中国古代的文官制度,在夏商周时代就已经出现,在春期战国时期有所发展,在秦代初具框架,在西汉武帝时初步形成。中国古代的文官制度有着重要的统治功能,它不仅有利于加强封建中央集权统治,而且有利于封建政权的行政管理和廉洁吏治。东汉建立后,刘秀“退功臣而进文吏”,从统治方略上来讲,就是为了巩固发展文官制度,以保证东汉政权的长治久安。东汉初年,刘秀引进的“文吏”包括儒生、文吏、儒法兼通之人。刘秀通过恢复巩固西汉以来的官员选拔制度,引进前朝旧臣,发展教育培养后备官员的方式,引进大量文官,不仅弥补了“退功臣”后出现的官职空缺,而且还较快地使东汉政权得以正常运行。刘秀“退功臣而进文吏”虽然对巩固发展文官制度,维护东汉政权的统治起到了一定的积极作用,但同时也留下了一些消极影响。
[Abstract]:Whether from the perspective of history or political science, Liu Xiu's "returning meritorious officials to the officials in the literature" is an important research object. Reviewing the previous studies on Liu Xiu's "returning meritorious officials to advance officials", most of them are involved in discussing Liu Xiu's strategy of governing the country. It is not many that take Liu Xiu's "returning meritorious officials into the civil service" as a separate incident to carry out a comprehensive and systematic in-depth study. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu adopted the ruling strategy of "returning meritorious officials to enter the civil service officials", which on the one hand preserved the meritorious officials and stabilized the political situation. On the other hand, in less than 30 years, the Eastern Han regime has realized the transition from the military attache to the civil administration, and consolidated the rule. The formation of meritorious officials in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Along with the disputes among the princes in the Spring and Autumn and warring States periods, the military meritorious system came into being and developed, and it flourished in the early years of the Qin and the Western Han dynasties. However, the war during the Han Dynasty once again provided a historical stage for the military meritorious service system to show its value. After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu successively divided the meritorious officials into two large-scale enunciations according to the military meritorious system. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a meritorious official was the main body with strong political forces and economic foundation. The new social stratum with high social status and privilege-meritorious class was formed. The meritorious officials held Liu Xiu as emperor, but with the increasing power of meritorious class, it posed a threat to imperial power. The study of "returning meritorious officials". In the research or exposition of Liu Xiu's "returning meritorious officials to the officials", the historians of the past and related historical materials, It is often thought that the meritorious officials in Liu Xiu's "retreating meritorious officials" only refer to "Yuntai 28" as the chief meritorious officer represented by "Yuntai 28". In fact, the "meritorious officials" in Liu Xiu's "retreating meritorious officials" at the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty refer to all the military meritorious personnel in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Not only did "Yuntai 28" represent the meritorious service of the central organs, but also the military personnel of the state, county and county administrative bodies. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu focused on the long-term stability of the Eastern Han regime in his ruling strategy. Through a series of measures, such as consolidating military power and political power, it has successfully deprived the officers of military service personnel after three stages. The Civil Service system in Ancient China appeared in the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, developed during the Spring and warring States period, and had a framework in the Qin Dynasty. The civil service system in ancient China had an important ruling function, which was not only conducive to strengthening the feudal centralized rule, but also conducive to the administration of the feudal regime and the clean administration of officials. After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu's "retreat from meritorious service and entry into the civil service" is to consolidate and develop the civil service system in order to ensure the long-term stability of the Eastern Han regime. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu introduced "literati", including Confucian students and civil servants. By restoring and consolidating the official selection system since the Western Han Dynasty, introducing the old officials of the former Dynasty, developing the way of education and training of reserve officials, and introducing a large number of civil servants, Liu Xiu not only made up for the vacancy of official posts after "retiring from the meritorious service". Liu Xiu's "retreating meritorious officials into civil servants" played a positive role in consolidating and developing the civil service system and maintaining the rule of the Eastern Han regime, but at the same time, it also left some negative effects.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K234

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