清朝治理湘西研究（1644-1840）

发布时间：2018-04-19 13:06

本文选题：清朝 + 湘西区域　；参考：《中央民族大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：湘西西接云贵、东连洞庭、北靠长江,南通沅水,是中原地区通往云贵高原以及四川盆地的重要过境通道。同时,这一区域也是众多民族相互交往,穿插分布的过渡带。本文主要研究了1644年清军入关后,至1840年鸦片战争前这一时段内,清廷治理湘西的历史过程。全文共分为五章：第一章“绪论”部分,主要是从清史、民族史、区域史、湘西研究等领域,对与课题研究相关的学术史进行梳理,并对“湘西”、“苗疆”等概念进行界定。第二章,从“自然、区域历史与多元文化格局”角度,讨论了清朝治理湘西的历史基础。本文认为,湘西区域的自然地理环境特征与地缘政治结构格局,清代之前湘西区域“过境性”历史进程以及苗、土、汉多元文化构成等三个方面的特征,是清朝治理湘西的历史与现实基础。第三章,主要是对顺治康熙时期,清廷治理湘西的研究。本文认为,清初实现政权稳固的进程,也是对湘西区域治理的过程。无论是顺治朝对湘西土司的授职与监管,还是康熙朝对湘西苗疆的开辟、厅县的设置,其背后体现的都是清朝全国决策整体性与湘西区域社会发展的需要,并且还隐含了清初统治者(满族)对待其治下不同民族“天下一体”的理念。第四章,主要是对雍正乾隆时期,清廷治理湘西的研究。本文认为,废撤湘西土司,设置永顺府等地方行政机构,是雍正朝对湘西治理最主要的内容。同时,随着湘西区域治理的不断深入,雍正朝完成了对康熙朝遗留苗疆区域的开辟。乾隆朝时期湘西苗疆区域社会发生了巨大变化,导致清廷就湘西区域是否执行“苗疆禁例”展开了激烈的讨论,最终讨论的结果是将之废弛。随着“改土归流”的实施与“苗疆禁例”的废弛,打破了原来湘西区域的治理格局,大量的汉民开始涌入湘西进行垦殖生息。湘西区域从行政管理到人群结构发生了重大的转变,这些转变一方面促进了该区域社会的发展,但另一方面也埋下了诸多的社会隐患,而这些隐患最终导致乾嘉苗民起义的爆发。第五章,主要是对嘉庆道光时期,清廷治理湘西的研究。本文认为,乾嘉苗民起义是清廷对湘西治理变革的起点。在平定苗民起义之后,以和琳、傅鼐为代表的改革先驱,在湘西区域施行“修边”、“屯田”等政策,主持湘西改革。从和琳到傅鼐的“苗疆善后措施”的完善,是清廷试图重建苗疆社会秩序的表达。至道光朝时期,经过对“苗疆善后措施”诸多弊政的整治之后,最终实现湘西区域社会安定发展。文章最后为“结论与讨论”部分,是对本文研究的总结以及引发的一些思考。通过对清朝治理湘西历史进程的梳理,本文认为,清朝对湘西区域的治理,体现了清朝整体历史进程与湘西区域特征相结合的特点,是王朝国家历史进程的有机组成部分,也是湘西区域社会发展的具体体现,其背后蕴含的是“因地制宜”、“因俗而治”、“因时设置”的治国理念。这种治国理念,继承了中国传统治理周边少数民族“修其教,不易其俗；齐其政,不易其宜”的治策思想。这种思想将不同的人群纳入到王朝国家的治下,同时又将王朝国家的权力下沉到地方,通过自上而下的方式完成王朝国家对疆土的巩固和促进不同区域社会发展的目的。
[Abstract]:In the west, Xiangxi is connected with Yunnan Guizhou Province, Dongting Dongting, north of the Yangtze River and Nantong Yuan water, which are the important transit passages of the Central Plains to the Yunnan Guizhou Plateau and the Sichuan basin. At the same time, this area is also a transitional zone between the many ethnic groups intercommunicating with each other. This article mainly studies the Qing court in 1644, and the Qing court, before the Opium War in 1840, during the period of the Qing Dynasty. The whole process of governing Xiangxi is divided into five chapters.
The first chapter "Introduction" part, mainly from the history of Qing Dynasty, national history, regional history, Xiangxi research and other fields, to sort out the academic history related to the research, and to define the concept of "Xiangxi", "Miao" and so on.
The second chapter, from the angle of "nature, regional history and multicultural pattern", discusses the historical basis of Xiangxi in the Qing Dynasty. This article holds that the characteristics of the natural geographical environment and the geopolitical structure pattern of Xiangxi region, the historical process of "transit" in the Xiangxi region before the Qing Dynasty, and the characteristics of the three aspects of the Miao, soil, and the multi-cultural composition of the Han Dynasty. It is the historical and realistic basis for the Qing Dynasty to govern Xiangxi.
The third chapter is mainly about the study of Xiangxi in the Qing government in the period of the emperor Shunzhi Kangxi period. This article holds that the process of achieving a stable regime in the early Qing Dynasty is also the process of regional governance in Xiangxi. Whether it is the service and supervision of the Xiangxi toast in Shunzhi Dynasty or the opening of Kangxi to the Miao area in Xiangxi, the setting of the hall county is all in the Qing Dynasty. The integrity of decision making and the needs of social development in Xiangxi region also implied the idea that the rulers of the early Qing Dynasty (Manchu) treated their different nationalities under the rule of "one world".
The fourth chapter, mainly in the period of Yong Zheng and Qian Long, the Qing government to govern Xiangxi. This article believes that the discarding of the West Hunan Province and setting up Yongshun government and other local administrative institutions are the most important contents of the Yong Zheng Dynasty governing Xiangxi. At the same time, Yong Zhengzhao completed the opening of Kangxi to the remnants of the Miao region with the deepening of the regional governance in Xiangxi. Great changes have taken place in the regional society of the Miao area in Xiangxi during the period, which led to the fierce discussion on the implementation of the "forbidden cases in the Miao area" in the Xiangxi area, and the result of the final discussion is the relaxation. With the implementation of "changing soil and returning to the current" and the relaxation of "the forbidden case in the Miao area", the governance pattern of the original Xiangxi region has been broken, and a large number of the Han people began to begin. The influx of Xiangxi has been reclaimed and reclaimed. The Xiangxi region has undergone a major transformation from administrative management to the structure of the population. On the one hand, these changes have promoted the development of the region's society, but on the other hand, many social hidden dangers are buried. These hidden dangers eventually lead to the outbreak of the uprising of the Qianlong and Jia Miao people.
The fifth chapter is mainly the study of the Qing government to govern Xiangxi during the Daoqing period of the Qing Dynasty. This article holds that the Qianlong and Miao people's uprising was the starting point for the reform of Xiangxi in the Qing Dynasty. After the uprising of the Miao and the people, the reform pioneers represented by Lin and Fu were carried out in the Xiangxi region, and the reform of Xiangxi was carried out in Xiangxi. In the period of the Daoguang Dynasty, after the regulation of many disadvantages of the "measures for the aftermath of the Miao area", it finally realized the social stability and development of the Xiangxi region.
At the end of the article, the part of the "conclusion and discussion" is a summary of the study and some thinking. Through the combing of the history of Xiangxi in the Qing Dynasty, this article holds that the Qing Dynasty's governance of the Xiangxi region embodies the combination of the overall historical process of the Qing Dynasty and the regional characteristics of the Xiangxi, which is the historical process of the dynasty. The component part of the machine is also the embodiment of the social development in Xiangxi region. Behind it, it contains "local conditions", "rule by custom" and "setting up" the idea of governing the country. This concept of governing the country inherits the thought of the policy of "repairing its religion, not easy to be vulgar" and "Qi Qizheng, not easy to be suitable". We want to bring the different people into the regime of the dynasty, and also to sink the power of the dynasty to the place, and to complete the consolidation of the territory by the Dynasty and the purpose of promoting the social development of different regions through the top-down way.

【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K249

【参考文献】