清初山东贰臣研究

发布时间：2018-04-20 16:44

本文选题：清初山东 + 贰臣　；参考：《曲阜师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：明清易代,与历史上众多改朝换代一样,同样造成了士大夫大批的分野。其抉择无外乎两种：生或死。在儒家伦理与纲常占据绝对主导地位的中国古代社会,国亡君死臣子受辱,那些能杀身成仁,随君殉国而去的臣子们是最为士论所激赏而得百世流芳的。与此相反,那些选择苟活的士人则会遭舆论的指摘与攻讦；若转而投向新朝,做了“贰臣”,无疑更遭舆论鄙弃而为人所不齿的。尤其清王朝以少数民族的身份入主,又为此次的鼎革掺杂了夷夏之辨的成分,贰臣们所面临的舆论压力前所未有。纵如此,由于明末纷繁复杂的特殊情况,在由明入清的过程里,壮烈殉节者百中无一,高蹈不仕者十不取一,大批的胜国旧臣还是先后加入到了清朝的政府体系中。我们从一百多年后的乾隆朝编纂的《贰臣传》中可以看到,甲编、乙编、文臣、武将,总共120多人的庞大队伍,载之史籍而流传,成了清朝标榜宣传儒家伦理道德的反面工具。而在《贰臣传》中,北方尤其山东籍贯的贰臣,在许多方面,都是相当地具有代表性。首先,从数量和构成上,与满洲龙兴地的辽东并驾齐驱,一文一武。然而,这些还是不足够的。通过查阅相关史籍,对山东贰臣的数量进行了一定补充,使之更趋全面,并对他们投降时的时间、地点和方式等情况进行了分析。其次,在山东贰臣的区域分布上,由于大多数为文职,因此与明后期山东进士的区域分布吻合,主要分布于三个区域：鲁西运河区、鲁中地区及沿海地区。这一分布格局的形成不是一蹴而就的,与这些地区地理形态、历史传统、民俗风习,更重要的是经济发展情况关系至巨,这些是潜移默化的隐性因素,明末的世态乱象则直接而显现地促成了这一格局的最终形成。再者,对贰臣科举与仕途的研究。通过分析他们的进士科大多数不理想的状况及在明朝颇坎坷的仕途历程,得出他们的迅速降附也是其来有自。要知道,在士人纷纷以以孤臣孽子相标榜,以气节操守相砥砺的易代之际,贰臣在道德操守的评价上无疑是最低等次的,这在视名声极重的古代士人社会可谓如堕深渊。但是他们也是有区分的：在降附时,他们或自愿或被迫；或夤缘攀附、极尽谄媚；或无所凭依、接受招抚。在成为贰臣后,他们有的在新朝的政府里面功勋卓著,建树颇多；有的却尸位素餐、庸碌无为；有的甚至还贪贿营私、声名狼藉。最后,大多贰臣在政务之余或挂冠归家后,能够展现一个文人士大夫的本色。或孤隐独活,赎罪忏悔；或阐幽发微,著书立说；或诗酒酬唱,纵情山水；或出粟纳资,为善乡里。他们这些历尽铅华后表现出来的的情怀尤为弥足珍贵。
[Abstract]:The change of Ming and Qing dynasties, like many changes in history, also caused a large number of scholars and officials. There are only two choices: life or death. In the ancient Chinese society, where Confucian ethics and principles occupied an absolute dominant position, the dead subjects were humiliated, and those who could kill and die with the king died for the country. On the contrary, those who choose to survive will be criticized and criticized by public opinion. Especially the Qing Dynasty as a minority, but also for this revolution mixed with the elements of the debate of the Yi Xia, the two ministers are facing unprecedented pressure of public opinion. Even so, because of the complicated special circumstances in the late Ming Dynasty, in the process of the Ming and Qing dynasties, none of the heroic martyrs died, and a large number of victorious old ministers joined the government system of the Qing Dynasty. More than a hundred years later, we can see from the "Biography of the second Minister" compiled by the Qianlong Dynasty more than a hundred years later, A, B, Wen Chen, Wu General, a large contingent of more than 120 people in total, the historical books contained and circulated, became the negative tool to propagate Confucian ethics and morality in the Qing Dynasty. In the Biography of the two Ministers, the two ministers in the north, especially in Shandong, are quite representative in many respects. First of all, from the number and composition, and Manchuria Longxing in Liaodong parallel, a one-man. However, these are not enough. By referring to the relevant historical records, this paper supplements the number of the second ministers in Shandong to make it more comprehensive, and analyzes the time, place and method of their surrender. Secondly, the regional distribution of the second minister in Shandong is mostly civilian, so it coincides with the regional distribution of Jinshi in Shandong in the late Ming Dynasty. It is mainly distributed in three regions: Luxi Yunhe area, central Shandong area and coastal area. The formation of this distribution pattern was not accomplished overnight. It is related to the geographical form of these areas, historical traditions, folk customs and customs, and, more importantly, the economic development situation. These are hidden factors that are imperceptible. The chaos of the world in the late Ming Dynasty directly contributed to the formation of this pattern. Furthermore, the study of the imperial examination and official career. Through the analysis of most of the unideal conditions of the Jin Scholars and their bumpy career in the Ming Dynasty, it was concluded that their rapid descent was also a source. We must know, in the scholars one after another in order to stand up to the individual sinful, with integrity to the integrity of the other generation, the second minister in the evaluation of moral integrity is undoubtedly the lowest rank, this in the reputation of the ancient scholar society can be said to fall into the abyss. But there is also a distinction between them: they either volunteer or be forced when they descend, or they are in the middle, flattering themselves, or accepting caresses without anything to do with them. After becoming two ministers, some of them have made many achievements in the new government; some have done nothing in the dead, and some have even taken bribes to deal with private affairs. Finally, most of the officials returned home after government affairs or hanging the crown, can show the true character of a literati. Or solitary secret work, repentance; or interpretation of subtle, writing books; or poetry and wine singing, indulging in the landscape, or millet money, for the good countryside. Their feelings after the experience of the lead is particularly precious.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K249

【参考文献】