东汉监军制度

发布时间：2018-04-20 19:46

本文选题：东汉 + 监军　；参考：《江西师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：东汉时，监军大致分为常设监军和临时差遣监军两种类型，常设监军主要包括护军、部郡国从事、监黎阳营谒者、北军中候、使匈奴中郎将等，临时差遣监军有监军使者与将军两种身份。其中尤以监军使者的地位突出，监军使者主要有四种：大夫、御史、谒者和中郎将，后三者监军为东汉监军制度的主要形式。此时，不但中央直辖军主力、地方州郡兵、营兵和军屯兵均设有监军，且归附汉朝的南匈奴军也概莫能外，置使匈奴中郎将监护其众。东汉监军制度从光武帝时的确立到殇帝时的转折，最后到灵帝中平时的瓦解，经历了三个不同阶段，每个阶段的形成都有各自的原因。第一阶段监军使者主导地位的确立与当时的历史背景关系密切。第二阶段监督对象由第一阶段的主监将领转变为主督州郡，原因是安帝即位后各地起义不断，且范围扩大，州郡常募兵镇压，军事力量增加，特别是州刺史兵权的扩张，加之所募之兵时有反叛，朝廷不得不加以防范，从而使监督对象发生转变。第三阶段监军制度在中央直辖军窳败、家兵兴起的军事背景和黄巾起义爆发的大浪潮下崩溃，原因有三：其一、黄巾起义爆发面广，，事发仓促，州郡失据，多数地方朝廷尚无机会派遣监军；其二、起义爆发后，东汉朝廷所招募镇压之兵的私家化，使监军失去国家军队的支撑；其三、中郎将监军权力的扩大及其军职化最终瓦解了监军制度。东汉时期，监军制度有其固有的鲜明特点，主要表现为：监军使者在监军中占据主导地位；不同的监军人员监军有着较为明确的分工；不同的监军人员因身份的高低在执行监军任务时拥有不同的地位与权力；监军除执行监督权外，并拥有领兵权。东汉监军制度的强化体现了军权的集中，对防止武将及地方长官专兵有着积极作用。但东汉后期滥用监军的弊端亦显而易见，对后来历朝监军制度的影响匪浅，特别是宦官监军，东汉可谓始作俑者。
[Abstract]:In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the armed forces were roughly divided into two types: the permanent and temporary dispatch of the armed forces, which mainly included the guarding army, the ministry of prefectures, the prison of Li Yang camp, the waiting in the northern army, and the general of the Xiongnu army, and so on. The temporary dispatch of the armed forces had two kinds of identities: the emissary of the army and the general. Especially in the position of the emissaries of the military, there are mainly four kinds of emissaries: doctor, imperial history, audience and general, the latter three are the main form of the system of the Eastern Han Dynasty. At this time, not only the main forces directly under the central jurisdiction, local state soldiers, battalion troops and military troops, and the South Xiongnu troops attached to the Han Dynasty are also able to set up the Xiongnu Zhong Lang will monitor their people. From the establishment of Emperor Guangwu to the turning point of Emperor Li in the Eastern Han Dynasty, to the collapse of Emperor Lingdi in peacetime, it went through three different stages, and the formation of each stage had its own reasons. The establishment of the leading position of the military emissaries in the first stage was closely related to the historical background at that time. In the second stage, the object of supervision was changed from the chief general of the first stage to the chief governor of the state county. The reason was that after Andi took over the throne, the local uprisings continued and the scope expanded, the state county often recruited troops to suppress, the military force increased, especially the expansion of the power of the state troops in the history of the thorns. In addition, the soldiers were sometimes rebellious, the court had to guard against, so that the object of supervision changed. The third stage of the military supervision system collapsed under the central army under its direct jurisdiction, the military background of the rise of the family soldiers and the great wave of the Yellow towel uprising. There were three reasons: first, the Yellow towel uprising broke out widely, the incident was hasty, and the state county lost its proof. Most local courts have not yet had a chance to send military supervisors; second, after the outbreak of the uprising, the Eastern Han Dynasty court recruited repressive soldiers private, so that the armed forces lost the support of the national army; third, The expansion of the military's power and its military duties eventually broke down the system. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the system of military supervision had its own distinctive characteristics, mainly as follows: the emissaries of the armed forces occupied a dominant position in the armed forces, the different members of the armed forces had a clear division of labor; Because of their high and low status, different members of the military have different positions and powers in carrying out the tasks of the military, and in addition to the right of supervision, they also have the right to lead the army. The strengthening of the military supervision system in the Eastern Han Dynasty embodied the concentration of military power and played a positive role in preventing the armed generals and local officers. However, the abuse of the armed forces in the late Eastern Han Dynasty was also obvious. It had a great influence on the system of military supervision in the later dynasties, especially the eunuchs, which was the initiator of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：江西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K234;E291

【参考文献】