明清宫廷事务管理研究

发布时间：2018-04-25 02:01

本文选题：明清宫廷事务 + 宦官　；参考：《山东师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 宫廷事务管理机构在君主专制主义中央集权的封建社会起着举足轻重的作用,帝王之家的治理优劣也随着“家国一体”的理念上升到一个政治高度,讲求内外兼治,内廷的服务机构也就俨然一个小朝廷。本文涉及的明清宫廷事务管理,范围限于明清宫廷之内,管理皇室宫廷内的衣食住行等基本事务,即着眼于他们的正统职掌——皇帝的家奴。明朝尚未形成宫廷独立运作的完整机构,分由宦官机构和女官机构共同管理,共同为封建统治者及家族服务。宦官机构的发展由来已久,起于秦汉,乱于汉唐,在明朝得到完善并发展庞大。明朝宦官机构职掌分工精细,运作机制完备,处理内廷事务的主要是“二十四衙门”,又细加划分为十二监、四司、八局。铨选管理较为严格,而俸禄赏罚较为弹性。只是本职工作之外,不可避免的权力外扩,干预到宫廷事务边缘的内政或者经济,但总体来说明朝宦官机构并非无限度的越权。女官机构从设置之初到明朝形成完善的制度,也有两千多年的历史。明朝最完备的洪武一朝设有“六局一司”,职能各有专攻。铨选遵循严格的原则,俸禄品级较低。女官机构呈现出其独有的特点,在后宫之中也有不可忽视的作用。宦官与女官基本呈现一种合作关系,涉及情感上的结合和职能上的合作,但至于说女官机构可以抑制宦祸还是言过其实了。清朝的宦官,从机构上而言,内务府确立之前的十三衙门,算是正式的宦官机构,而清朝入关后正式设立内务府,首次把服务后宫的人员系统组织起来统一管理,宦官作为一个机构不复存在;从权力上而言,清朝对于宦官的钳制更加严格,权力进一步内缩,仅为奔走洒扫的役使之人。女官机构在清朝严格来说并没有真正实行过,作为一个组织不复存在,只是残存零星的女官群体。事务大多由内务府总管,只有简单的侍奉工作由最底层的女官——宫女担任。其铨选原则有所变化,而俸禄品级仍是低等。清朝的内务府作为第一个正式的宫廷事务管理机构,设有“七司三院”,却已经超出了宫廷事务的范围。它可以说是六部在内廷的缩影,与外廷既有职能对应,又有合作关系;它还是清朝统治者的心腹,相互依赖,关系微妙。明清宫廷事务管理机构与前朝相比,既有发展变化又趋于完善,不仅对于研究明清政治与宫廷事务管理必不可少,而且分析总结这些历史经验对加强现在的制度建设也有一定的参考价值。
[Abstract]:The court affairs management agency played an important role in the feudal society of monarchy and centralism, and the governance of the imperial family also rose to a political height with the idea of "integrating the family and the country", emphasizing both internal and external governance. The service of the court is like a small court. The management of court affairs in Ming and Qing dynasties is limited to the basic affairs such as food, clothing, housing and transportation in the imperial court, that is, focusing on their orthodox duties-the emperor's family slaves. In the Ming Dynasty, the whole court operated independently, which was managed by the eunuchs and the female officials, and served the feudal rulers and the families together. The development of eunuch institutions has a long history, originated in the Qin and Han dynasties, chaos in the Han and Tang dynasties, in the Ming Dynasty to improve and develop huge. The eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty had a fine division of duties and a complete operating mechanism. It was mainly "24 Yamen" that handled the affairs of the inner court, which was further divided into 12 supervisors, four divisions and eight bureaus. Public election management is more stringent, and salaries more flexible pay and punishment. Except for their own work, the inevitable expansion of power, interference in the internal affairs or economy on the edge of court affairs, but generally speaking, the Ming Dynasty eunuchs were not unlimited ultra vires. From the beginning of establishment to the formation of a perfect system in the Ming Dynasty, female officials also have a history of more than two thousand years. Hongwu, the most complete of the Ming Dynasty, was equipped with "six councils and one Division", each specialized in its functions. The election of the Civil Service follows strict principles, and the rank of salaries is lower. The female official organization presents its unique characteristic, also has the function which cannot be ignored in the harem. Eunuchs and female officials basically present a cooperative relationship, involving emotional combination and functional cooperation. The eunuchs of the Qing Dynasty, from an institutional point of view, were the official eunuchs' organizations before the establishment of the House of Representatives. After the Qing Dynasty's entry into the Customs, the House Office was formally established, and for the first time, the personnel system of serving the palace was organized and managed in a unified manner. Eunuchs as an organization no longer exist; from the power point of view, the Qing Dynasty for eunuchs more stringent, the power to further shrink, only for the people who run and sweep. Strictly speaking, the female official organization did not really carry out in Qing Dynasty, as an organization no longer existed, but remained a sporadic group of female officials. Most of the affairs were handled by the householder, and only simple ministry work was performed by the lowest female officer, the palace lady. Its principle of election has changed, while the rank of salaries is still low. As the first official administrative organ of court affairs, the internal affairs office of Qing Dynasty had seven departments and three hospitals, but it was beyond the scope of court affairs. It can be said to be the epitome of the six parts in the inner court, corresponding to the functions of the external court and having a cooperative relationship; it is also the confidant of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, interdependent and delicate. Compared with the previous dynasties, the administrative organs of the court affairs in the Ming and Qing dynasties have both developed, changed and tended to be perfect, which is not only necessary for the study of the administration of the political and court affairs of the Ming and Qing dynasties. And the analysis and summary of these historical experiences to strengthen the current system has a certain reference value.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K248

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