清代生息银两制度初探

发布时间：2018-04-27 18:00

本文选题：清代 + 生息银两　；参考：《山西大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：清代生息制度最早出现在何时暂难考证,据光绪《大清会典》卷1213,《内务府·恩赏银两》这一词条在雍正七年才正式进入典籍,而在清实录中关于生息银两的记录从雍正元年丌始,雍正以前的生息制度,已有学者基于其他史料中作出了一定的研究,早在康熙十年,这一制度便丌始了草创和试行,由内务府拨出一定帑银借给商人经营特定的贸易,如盐铜,盈亏自负,但必须承担定期定额交纳利息的义务。①到雍正时期,生息制度则逐渐演化为一种恩赏兵丁的基金,主要由内务府拨出本银,交与八旗上层军官令其丌设当铺等营生经营本金产生利息来解决八旗官兵红白恩赏的费用。乾隆时期基本沿袭了雍正生息银的用途,并在此基础上扩大了受益范围,不再局限于八旗官兵,绿营军,汉军也得到相应的恩赏。但在执行的过程中出现了很多难以解决的流弊,故而在乾隆二十一年正式提出叫停生息制度,但因为该制度年代久远牵扯面广,一直到三十六年才基本停止。但之后的清实录中关于生息银的记录仍然不绝于耳。嘉庆在乃翁的基础上进一步扩大了生息银的用途,如衙门公用,兵丁出行费用等行政支出。同时,商人承领本银后不能按时足量归还利息也被提到日程上来。时过境迁,道光朝中大量的息银是解决军装,津贴及军事演习和缉捕经费的。咸丰时期,息银的积欠问题已经相当棘手,其中问题最严重的是两淮、山东和长芦的盐商。同治朝关于息银不能按时足数上缴的记录更是比比皆是。到光绪朝问题依旧没有得到解决,但生息方式出现了新的选择,那就是新式银行。以下,笔者将从本金的数量,息银的用途,生息方式,时限,还款方式等角度分析清代生息制度。
[Abstract]:The birth and interest system of Qing Dynasty first appeared at a time when it was difficult to verify. According to Guang Xu, Book 1213 of the Qing Dynasty, and the entry of "House government, bounty of silver", it was only in the seventh year of Yongzheng that the term formally entered the classics. However, since the beginning of the first year of Yongzheng, some scholars have made some research on the system of "living interest" on the basis of other historical materials in the actual records of the Qing Dynasty. As early as ten years after Kangxi, this system began to be initiated and tried out. A certain amount of money was lent by the Ministry of Internal Affairs to merchants to run certain trade, such as salt and copper, at their own expense, but they had to bear the obligation to pay interest at regular intervals. By the time of Yongzheng, the interest-bearing system had gradually evolved into a kind of bounty fund. Mainly allocated by the House of the Bank, with the eight flag upper officers ordered it to set up pawnshops and other business principal to generate interest to solve the eight flags officers and soldiers red and white reward expenses. The Qianlong period basically followed the use of Yongzheng Shengxin Silver, and on this basis expanded the scope of benefit, no longer limited to the officers and soldiers of the eight banners, the Green Battalion Army, the Han Army also received the corresponding bounty. However, in the process of implementation, there are many difficult to solve the shortcomings, so in 21 years Qianlong formally put forward to stop the system of interest, but because the system has been involved in a wide range of years, until 36 years until the basic stop. But the record of interest-bearing silver is still heard in the record of Qing Dynasty. Jiaqing on the basis of Nai Weng further expanded the use of interest-bearing silver, such as Yamen public, military travel expenses and other administrative expenses. At the same time, the merchant's acceptance of the Bank's failure to return interest on time is also on the agenda. Over time, Daoguang's vast amount of silver is used to pay for military uniforms, subsidies, and military exercises and arresting funds. In Xianfeng period, the arrears of interest and silver were very difficult, the most serious of which were the salt merchants of Huai River, Shandong and Changlu. Tongzhi on the interest of silver can not be paid on time and full records are everywhere. By Guang Xu the problem remained unresolved, but a new option emerged for interest-bearing: new banks. Below, the author will analyze the income system of Qing Dynasty from the aspects of the amount of principal, the use of interest bank, the way of interest, the time limit and the way of repayment.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K249

【参考文献】