清代前期民间借贷法律研究

发布时间：2018-05-16 15:59

本文选题：民间借贷 + 法律　；参考：《河北大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：清代前期,民间借贷活动空前活跃,社会再生产、商品流通及城乡人民生活无不与民间借贷息息相关,甚至影响到社会秩序的稳定与否。这些都迫使国家不断在立法上对民间借贷活动的方方面面进行规范与调整,以维护封建统治秩序的稳定。民间借贷的交易主体,可分为借贷主体、借贷客体和中保。对借贷主体的法律限制如禁止官员不得在任所放贷,禁止内地人对少数民族重利放贷,禁止放贷人强行索债等。而借贷客体不得欠债不还和抵押非法物品。中保人不得为重利放贷作保,不得为京债和营债作保。典当是重要的借贷主体,故法律对典当的领帖经营、交税、满当期限等方面皆有细致的规定。利率是借贷的根本事项。民间借贷利率的高低不仅直接关系着百姓能否借贷和能否顺利偿贷,而且对百姓的生产、生活甚至是生存问题有着密切的联系。因此,对民间借贷利率的管制和规范,是清代前期法律关注的一个焦点问题。一般私人放贷和典当是民间借贷的两大主流,在取利不得超过三分和一本一利的法定标准下,法律在利率设定、借贷期限、减利等方面积极发挥调控作用。此外,在乡村,谷押借贷的优势也凸显出来,劝民质谷常是官府积极倡导的一项政策。当铺管理中难免出现过失,如当铺被劫、被窃、失火和收受贼赃。遇到这些问题,当铺如何赔偿当户的损失和处理赃物,常常出现法律纠纷。法律按照过失情由、受损当物的种类、数量和当期的不同分门别类,制定不同的赔偿规定。并且,在发生此类案情时,法律对官员采取的应对措施进行法律监管。另外,当铺在货币运用方面,也受到了国家的支持和某种程度上的限制。有两种借贷直接关系国家的政治和军事的安危即京债和营债。京债是放贷给在京候选和准备赴任的官员的一种高利贷。营债是围绕军营发生的一类高利贷,如士兵放贷给百姓、民间当铺或私人放贷给士兵。京债和营债影响重大,因此受到法律的极大关注。
[Abstract]:In the early Qing Dynasty, folk lending activities were unprecedented, social reproduction, commodity circulation and urban and rural people's life are closely related to folk lending, and even affect the stability of social order or not. All these forced the country to regulate and adjust the various aspects of the folk lending in legislation to maintain the stability of the feudal ruling order. The transaction subject of folk loan can be divided into borrowing subject, borrowing object and middle insurance. Legal restrictions on borrowers include a ban on officials from lending money, a ban on mainlanders from lending heavily to ethnic minorities, and a ban on lenders from imposing debt on them. The object of the loan shall not fail to repay or mortgage the illegal goods. The intermediary insurer shall not insure against heavy interest loans, Beijing bonds and operating bonds. Pawnshop is an important subject of borrowing, so the law has detailed regulations on the management of pawnshop, payment of tax, expiration period and so on. Interest rates are fundamental to lending. The level of private lending interest rate is not only directly related to whether people can borrow and can smoothly repay the loan, but also has a close relationship with the production, life and even survival of the common people. Therefore, the regulation and regulation of private lending interest rate is a focus of legal attention in the early Qing Dynasty. General private lending and pawning are the two main streams of private lending. Under the legal standard of taking profit not more than three percent and one interest, the law plays an active role in regulating interest rate setting, borrowing period, reducing interest rate and so on. In addition, in the rural areas, the advantages of Valley lending also highlighted, urging people to often be a policy actively advocated by the government. In pawnshop management, mistakes are inevitable, such as robberies, burglaries, fires, and receiving stolen goods. Encountered these problems, pawnshops how to compensate for the loss and handling stolen goods, often legal disputes. According to the reason of negligence, the law makes different compensation regulations according to the category, quantity and category of the damaged thing. And, in such cases, the law regulates the response taken by officials. In addition, pawnshops in the use of money, also by the support of the state and a certain degree of restrictions. There are two kinds of loans directly related to the political and military security of the country, namely, Beijing debt and debt management. Beijing debt is a loan-sharking loan to candidates and prospective officials in Beijing. Camp debt is a kind of usury around barracks, such as soldiers lending to civilians, folk pawnshops or private loans to soldiers. Beijing debt and debt impact is significant, so the law pays great attention to.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K249;D909.2

【引证文献】