互动视角下唐代西州基层社会研究

发布时间：2018-05-19 02:39

本文选题：唐代 + 西州　；参考：《兰州大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：公元640年唐朝平定麴氏高昌王国、建立西州,不仅发出了唐朝锐意经营西域的信号,而且标志着吐鲁番地区从此进入一个新的历史时期。此后,唐前期政治稳定、经济繁荣、民族融合、文化多样、疆域辽阔,均与之存在密切关系。但是,与利用吐鲁番文书研究唐朝各项国家制度相比,学界对西州基层社会的构建尚显薄弱,缺乏对西州社会秩序状态的整体认识。论文在前辈学者研究成果基础上,充分运用传世文献、吐鲁番出土文书、砖志等相关资料,尝试将区域社会史理论引入西州基层社会构建中,以互动视角作为观察和理解西州社会秩序的一把“钥匙”,由点及面,希冀能够突破先前相对静态的专题式模式,为西州社会史及吐鲁番学提供新思路和新范式。论文以先前学界较为忽视的社会群体作为切入点,选取新兴平民、女性及僧尼三个代表性的“点”进行检讨。这些群体本身不同程度地体现了西州所处的时代和地域特质。新兴平民群体的崛起不仅得益于麴氏高昌国门阀社会的崩坏,而且与当地丝绸之路中转站的地理优势息息相关；同时,唐朝在西域进行的诸多战事在宏观上破坏了西州的社会秩序,微观上则直接影响到西州女性群体的婚姻家庭生活：此外,为维护社会稳定,唐朝采取一系列措施加强对西州佛教事务的管理,导致西州僧尼参与社会经济活动的规模与程度有所收缩。以上我们对社会群体诸多特征的揭示,不仅填补了西州群体研究的重要一环,而且为进一步审视与深入观察西州社会秩序提供了不可或缺的研究路径。群体研究的最终目标在于实现群体与社会的双向关照。西州社会内部各群体之间存在复杂、多元的互动关系。在官民互动中,地方官府一般借助基层行政人员完成对乡里住民的管理,民间百姓则主要通过正式的制度表达、依靠个人力量,与官方进行对话。同时,唐朝政府希冀利用邻保制实现对西州社会的控制,但效果并不理想。与之相对,因格式固定化及具有相对法律约束力,契约成为西州百姓保持良性互动与交往的有效媒介之一,具有广泛的渗透力。在笔者看来,唐代西州无疑属于一个多元化的地方社会,人们因各种原因结成相互交织的社会关系网络,相互制约、协作,从而建立了良好的共生、互动关系,形成了相对有序的秩序状态。当然,一个有序、良性发展的社会并不意味着没有纷争,西州社会内部同样存在着诸多争端、纠纷,涉及乡里住民日常生产生活的方方面面,尤其是随着有限地域空间内人口的不断增长,土地资源日益成为人们争夺的首要对象,反映了这一时期社会的主要矛盾。面对大量存在的法律诉求,民众、官府甚至当时的冥界观念等均以不同形式对纠纷予以化解。总之,多元化的解纷手段和完善的解纷机制不仅使大量争讼消弭于无形,而且使西州基层社会始终维持着有序状态与正常运转。
[Abstract]:In 640 AD, the Tang Dynasty calmed down the Gaochang Kingdom of yeast and established the Western State, which not only sent the signal that the Tang Dynasty was determined to run the Western region, but also marked a new historical period in Turpan. Since then, political stability, economic prosperity, ethnic integration, cultural diversity and vast territory in the early Tang Dynasty were closely related to its existence. However, compared with the use of Turpan documents to study the various national systems of the Tang Dynasty, the construction of the grass-roots society in Xizhou is still weak in academic circles, and the overall understanding of the state of social order in the Western States is lacking. On the basis of the previous scholars' research results, the paper makes full use of the relevant materials such as handed down documents, unearthed documents, brick records, etc., and attempts to introduce the theory of regional social history into the construction of the grass-roots society in the western state. Taking the interactive perspective as a "key" to observe and understand the social order in West China, the author hopes to break through the previous relatively static thematic model and provide new ideas and paradigms for the social history of Western States and Turpan's study. Based on the social groups neglected in previous academic circles, this paper selects three representative "points" of emerging civilians, women and monks and nuns. These groups themselves reflect in varying degrees the time and geographical characteristics of the state. The rise of the new civilian population was not only due to the disintegration of the Gaochang gate society, but also to the geographical advantages of the local Silk Road transit station; at the same time, Many wars in the Western region of the Tang Dynasty destroyed the social order in the western region macroscopically, and directly affected the marriage and family life of the female group in the western region. In addition, in order to maintain social stability, During the Tang Dynasty, a series of measures were taken to strengthen the management of Buddhist affairs in Xizhou, which resulted in the reduction of the scale and extent of the participation of monks and nuns in social and economic activities. The above revelations of many characteristics of social groups not only fill an important part in the study of western state groups, but also provide an indispensable research path for further examining and deeply observing the social order in western states. The ultimate goal of group research is to realize the bidirectional care between group and society. There are complex and pluralistic interactions among various groups in the western state society. In the interaction between the officials and the people, the local government usually uses the basic administrative staff to complete the management of the inhabitants of the village, while the folk mainly express through the formal system, rely on the individual strength, and carry on the dialogue with the official. At the same time, the Tang government hoped to use neighboring protection system to control the western state society, but the effect was not satisfactory. On the other hand, because of its fixed format and relative legal binding force, the contract has become one of the effective media for the people of western states to maintain benign interaction and communication, and it has extensive penetration power. From the author's point of view, the western state of Tang Dynasty undoubtedly belongs to a pluralistic local society. For various reasons, people form a network of interwoven social relations, restrict and cooperate with each other, thus establishing a good symbiotic and interactive relationship. A relatively orderly state of order was formed. Of course, an orderly and well-developed society does not mean that there are no disputes. There are also many disputes, disputes within Western state society, involving all aspects of the daily production and life of rural residents. Especially with the continuous growth of population in the limited regional space, land resources are increasingly becoming the primary object of people's contention, which reflects the main contradiction of the society in this period. In the face of a large number of legal demands, the people, the government and even the idea of the underworld at that time have resolved the dispute in different forms. In a word, the diversified means of resolving disputes and the perfect mechanism of resolving disputes not only make a great deal of disputes disappear in invisible form, but also make the grass-roots society of Western States always maintain an orderly state and normal operation.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K242;D691.9

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